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lyY n
y vkz [p ~Yp.....

lyY [v[

(yrx - 1) Ty~ [Yx, {z[ ly{Y, UzYrlxY

y vkz rtq Rr[ ~nopl l{y Yy [p {~, W Rlx rtq ~} ~x [vf Rr Wx [N}jx Y xl x. vv zrxp yvkz Yr rpp z}j rtq{ R{opx xv YM. Wvpv W v rtq{ {n[l h{{p n R{opxf zY YM.
y vkz ~vp n~p rtq{ vqY R{opx xv Yyv. ~tpv W {ry v nYpf Rll ~ R{Y|xx. rN rvjx K~ j R|{Y lyK Yh {p z~, y vkz rvjx Yh Y xx ~lpp. Wf ~ ~{p Rll rN ~f ~pfyxY rvj Rp r Yh lY rnn. y ~{p Rll fM lyY rvj Rp r yfYc RfxY lyvf x. to, ~Yy  R`y ~{p Rll Yh l z~f rv. t~r [x fM ~~Y rvj Wrp r hK RfxY lyp ~ {p R Rly ~p~y [x fM ~ xY rvj Rp r n RfxY rvjf ~ {p Rl. xMp~ ~ prap [zY ~vp j R|{Yf {h xplp zY{f ~ {p R Rly rf ~ {p Rll fM WY~x rpY rvj Rp r Slvl Yh lY z~p rv. vv rnox [Y {  ~x [v ~q Rj}xY r{ R{~ {p Rl. y vkz R{f R W{ Yh  ~Mx Y{p S { r{lp ~ptp x.

uvjx ~ ruvjx

~vpxp ~Mxx {f [zY [vp Yypp R~pp {|xp r lzxY x. to [ Y}x R|Y 7Y n, rf[ Y}x R|Y 17.2Y n Rz { r{p Rly RpYl ~v [zYxY v R|Y 3.4Yf {h Rz{ r{pp pN. A Rp{, rN [l Yz y vkz lxY hxY [.
~Mxx[ ~ [zY{z uvjx vv l hx ~v` ~Ktpol{Y nY{x. rN Y}xf ~r}{ R|Y 7.25Y Rzxp xl{ ~Mxx uvjx {p Rly RpYl [zY uvjx {pp R|Y 30Yf Rh RzxY ~l { x. Y~ {{ n, ~Yy, xMp~  rf xp [zY Rvl Rxyp uvjx N. RpYl [zY{zf ~r}{ ~Yy [z{ uvjx {pp yno Rlf x. xMp~  rf xp [zY rll ry uvjx N. WpK A{x ~vYxp rf Rll Y}xf R|Y Rp{. vv [zY rtq {y lyly r~{f ~YDb Yyjl, K{f Rvl uvjxY ztj Y~ x v v~ tzv.
~v~lxY z~ [l Yz yvkz azl Xyz~N Yf YYp |{f yno |{f ~ {p t{ rpppf J. Wxf [ lx hx  ~tx{Y R t{ rpppf Rl. yvkz Uly n~p t Yz ~x v [zY ~Mxx {f Xyz~N Yf YyYp |{f yno n~f [vp Yyp t{ nYpf zJ. ~Yy, xMp~  rf yppf RpYl ~xv [zY uvjx {pp n, Xyz~N Yf YYp |{f yno |{f x. Wvpv ~q Rl yvkz ~xv Ur[xp ~x [zY {f Y}[l{ Rll n Xyz~N Yf YYp |{f yno |{f x. rxY yppf yvkz uvjxp ~ ruvjxp ~xzz v r [lx azlxf Rpyr{ ~yp t{ nYpf J.

[zY n{M[xY

r{ vp Yh [zY ~ t~r vp |z [zY {|xp yvkz [zY n{M[xYf {p Y  x.
u [zY ~ xo [zY rtq {n[l Yyj lpY Rrf S~vl Yy [l  x. rv{ vv [zY n{M[x A{ r ~mp Rp{ {p Y  x. Rlp r [zY ly rfp r [zY lyf {h Syv {p~ x. Wvpv vv [zY A{x ~Ypox  ]pl{x Rp n Yr rpp z~ {p~ x. t~r Rll {p [zY Yjhx r{ Rll {p [zY Yjhxf {h ~Ypoxp Sl { pvl ]pl{x Rp [l Yz Slvl Rh x. R{~p {|xp, R{f Rv ~x [zY{zf r lll{xY {{l R{f nppf Rll u [zY{z rv. xo [zY{z R{f nppf pll A{f UzYrl, [Y {  p{fp ~ p{, A{x ]p vlrfY pvv l{p R{f p~np ~ x.
[zY{z v tv yvkz v rtq h{{Y {{l, WY WY [zY ~zY Yz A{xp Rrf A rtq h{{p zt [v U[f x. vpn xl vp r~ A{ K {p f o rMx~xpf ucpx  R t. yvkz v [p h{{p zt [l  l{l nxY {pp A ry ~ R Yh RY| {~l x. Wv Yh {~l Yzxl ~v` {p~vf tp { p ~ Sp RyKux rtq {n[l h{{p ~rx[l  x.

Ru{Y| ~ptp

~Mx Y{p S {j y ~ [zY rvjY pN. yvkz l l{M[xY Ru{Y| ~ptp Rl. A{ [Y, {z[ly  UzY z~ pK Y  x. K{ yvkz ~Ypoxp Slv ~ rvjxY {{l yvkz RyKux rtq{ Sp zt[l  h{{p pK ~rf pN.
[Y z~ p{pp Yh r}jvx RY| {~lp x. A{xp tvxY ~Mxx {f R`y  t~r Rly {zzY Rxp y|ul  Rl. R~pp {|xp [Y 25,000Yf RY rvjxY p[p R Rly Yzlyp A{ [zY ~v[ n [x  x. S~x R{~m rxY  v r{ vl W{ [Y [fK ~  Rl. RlK [Y t~r[ Y}x n, ~p~y z{p W Y}{z n ~x[p R Rly p p Rlv r [zY{zp Wrfl {{xp [Y ~x[p r{.
zfM 100Yf {h }YKux ~l 200Yf RY [Y ~Z{Y p ~x[p R Rly }YKux zfM 10Yf {h { [Y 27,000Yf {h R t{ |{~ YM. Rh {|xp zfyxYf {h |z [Y rpz}xY {l R Rly Yh [Y zxp [jpY r{. |zl v [YxY r{ zfM ~x [jpYf {h |z p{p ~ rN r M} ul Yyp A{x vlrf z}j }jx vf p x. Jz Ru{Y| M}xp r{ }jx Y YY [YxY ~z u z}jxp rv. Y~ pvl [Y xp Rvl hxY ~l, R{f ~l vlrfY ~l RY| {~l |}xY t{ rz x. Ru{Y| xp y|xY v [Y {l ~r  R Rly A{x ~r n~p r{ {l W{ Rl. UyjxY z~ xM Ru{Y| xpx Ty~ [Yx {f Y}[l{ ~p ~xK z~ Wx Roxpxf zY Y x. RpYl tvxY [Y vpv Ty~ [Yx n, R{f{zp [p Rvl h r}jxY x. (yrx-1)
[Y xp  ~ [x [zYxY Yf~ t{f r ~nopl{zp xcp Yyj n, pp r[v {pp A{ y[ ~f lyY n AYY 2.8Y Rp r [z{Y t{f rlvf p { ~ptp{zp S { Yf~ t{ x. ~Mx YN y[ ~f lyYn AYY 2.8Y Rp r {xp[p [z{Y plpp Rx x xpp Rr r~{f ~YDb Yyv.
[Y{zf ~r}{ [l Yz {z[ly rvl ~ RzYy RY| {~l |}x. Wl tvxY {z[ly Ry tp A{ Urv rxY R R{~mN  r{ Y [v Rr~ x. {z[ly{Yf Rll yvkz y [vp vf v~ [jp{Y [l {p Rly A Yzx l  {z[lyN ~ rvl {, Rlf  xp z  {x{p ~vpl {z[xY n Mvjx N.
{z[ly{Y {z[x RlKf lyY n AYYxYfl {h [ vf r{p. Wl Wx ~npp zM  lY }YKuxY ~l Rx~ YGxY {p px}x. {z[ly{Y M] Szr~Yy vM[x Rlf [x f W p}x }x Rx~ YGxY rv. Wx y n~f  vl ~v[ y[ Uj~p Rx~ xvf rfp [p {x{ ~ z Sp vYl v RyL. [ {z[xY z~ {x  z  xpp ~Mx yjx ~ A{ [~[p xv ~ x. {z[lyN [vp rmx  ~Mx yjx rvjx Rp{, Sl [f ~c z~ np np {z[xp vpv vnY {Y{ np {z[xp n {z[ly{z Y [l  x. Y~ {{n ~v fv {z[ly{Y {z[x ~Mxx[p S{lf  xx. (yrx-2)
n|Y [jp{Y ~~ v lyY nexp {z[lyN p}x rtq{ ~ly Y, Rr~ v tzxY z~f x. Sp Rn~ {pp Wx ~ rvjxY r}j  z{zp ~vpl Rx~ tzxY {p t{ x. 1986 {~M z[ {z[ly{ Roxpxf zY vl ~v[v {z[ly p} Yj ~l v{zp ~ A{ p{ v ~l Yj{zp ~ A{ t{ R{to {ppf x. R{v {|xp p}xp ~xxf 50Y {l r}j ~ z{zp ~vpl N. Wtp WY lyY nexY rY| Yy ~x {z[ly{Y v tzxY z~ ~zYp{f {h vh tzxY z~ ~zv xx xppx.
{z[ly vp p{ UzYrlxY Rrf R~ x YY WY }jxYf rv. Wx R~ R xp RzY{l MZ{Y z~p ~ N. A{ r{f Yh {fp Yh r}j Ytz x. A{ {x[zx y rK  R{p ]M}jx ~ zfM 80Y rvj S R~  vf zY N. vz~  xp UzYrlxp[p {~yYf r{f rl {p z rvjx fp 40,000Y rvj N.
Ru{Y|x n~ r Wp Yh r}j Ytz Rr UzY z~ p{v. rvl WxY {p {x[zx y r{f rl {p f A{ Rr UzYrl z~ p{v. xK xp RzzY rvjxf {h { |zl{xY ~l UzY{Y {x[zx y rjp f Wx ~KrMjxp  p[~ r{f rl N. Wf Wx Rr UzY}vxY z~ p{v. Wv UzY}v rtq Roxpx vp yvkz {x~ rtq{ h{{p ~rx [l  x.