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cpl vY ryvj nYh Y RMtnx ~`{j y~

rKYvM, ~v{|

cpr{yjx rycxf rl vl ~v[ p{ll ~pop[l K{zf Wy{ vl{nx Sxf rxx. A ~v[v YzxY xf[~ t l{l vl{nxY n px rlx ryf rxx. A cp[ r|px ~Ktpoxp rY}x nyp ~z c{ ~{llv{ ~m{yxp tyf R xl t{ x. l~l{nxf Wy{ xnox r{ ~vx A ~v xf[~ t K vl{nx p{ll vl {x xnox vvp Rply{x.

{pl vMnp nYY vN p[ ~ cr K ~fp ltp vl {p f lv S~x tyrlv RMtnxf vj  ~. cY r|px ~Ktpoxp cr vl x xl RYyx ~ rzx vzx Y~ x xl n xp Yyj vl rnpK{ K {p f rY} Ruplyx YjhxK nYY Rly rz vl [fvY R{ tp t{ rpppf J. ~p YzY ~~ yx r~r~ ~ { vv [fv p vcp rnM|px ~q {l  Rl. ztyz vo~m vl{ {Mlvp cr pxYl{x ~ Yz vzoMv{p Rly {p K [fK R{~p cx[jx Yf Nn xpp rtq l{v |l Rp{ r Y p {{l K [fv Yyxf rvl ~v[ vv vY~ zp{ rY}x rtq vl{Y Yz Sp rfl ~ppf R~ppf pztj lyly  y~ [jp{Y yG  ccpxf K {p f p[ppf x{ z J. l{v WpY[ y Rrzz [pp lpYf nrM|{x rj pv vl Yyj Yyj r[~p tp RYyxf W{ppYf n ShYh pll pN. vv nrM|{x Rly [fv lMY{, p{Yx YYY {p pvl cpvo A ~Ktpo{ r{~p nf {vpY pr{~vf nrM|{xv {[tz [p R t{ vlrp r xx. nrM|{xv y[z Rzp ~px YpY ryf Wp lYx. voxp lvp ~Ktpoxp r{p  vzoMv{p r}r pYyppl vzoMv{p rtq ~v{| rM|{x xvY pr{~ppl A lMYpx lx.

[fv Yyxf Wx

vl{ Yyj vl cr Ruplyx r{ vv [fv K |l vl Yyxf rx vov YyY ~uYxY z~ Yfxl Y R|Y pvll{ Sp S{l vl ~v[x. rY} ~v{ r{lvp Rply{ rY}x zo vjhzxf Rxl n|rzp vjhz ~vYxp[ ~ vov YyY ~uYxp[ pvzZpx v{yj Yv~~{yxf ~KrxY z~ cr Srl Yyp vl A zx~l{f Rll p{p r~Y n K tz { nY l ~x. rY}x xK[l n|rzpx l rop uY t{p K r~ r~nx Yyxf prxl ~x{ rY}x {hYfxl  ~Ktpo N.
t yf rY}x ~Y zYK { lply t{pp Wz~ Rr~nx ~. v{p rtq ~t R{toxY yG cpl{f pv {{l yf l cprx pxYxpf {h r[vY [yl{xY rY} ~vYl{x l X{pf J. cprx pxYxpf [hvf R{| NY K r~ Mvjx Yl ~ X{p NY{f pp[v |}l{x. cr l {h Yypx A yf{fx. rY}xY z~ Wx X{p M] YzxY ~~ r{l{[p Wp ztp ~Krx.
YzY [Kr ~Y zYK{yx z~ Yfxl Y R|Y{ ~x {[K{zp n~ vf  Xf Wy{ px rY}jxY r{lvf rY}x p Y rY}x y~ voxf zt ppx x. Y~ {ll Wv yjx rY} pxYl{x ~v[ vl [fvY rfz ~  vlop{ Yr [pvf ~vl { Rly lvp ~v[ ~p ~[xYf Yyp zn vrYvY z~ Wx X{ ~zY. A ~{p Rywj K [fv K {p f UDa ~mpxYf rj R Rly  vlopf pxYl{x ~rxvf Srl{ ~px cr ~`{j pxYx z~ tvxY np |{~ Yyp rKYvM [jylpK x. rynx |{ nzx Spy rgx Ur RrY}YxY { rvYvM [jylpK {l Yvy vllx {l [jh cr ~t pxYx t{f r{l r~[x Yzx Rppl{l r { vl cr A ~xzz r}r Yx. K zxKYyf rvYvM [p f {~y rYf rvj ry rv{ p[ppf ztj YzY cr n|rzpx ~v[ ~x[xp {h Y {lvp RjhN rtz Rvl{yxY[. Sp Rply{ vz y{| crp S{l vl ~v[ Yvy vllx rtq {l nyN vY ~ {j Rly A ~v[v lv yp rz [xx. A y[v yz {n{xY z~ Yfxl Y q { aKr tz~x  lv  ny{p ~v[. zY {y ~~mN ~{x Yyp lv pvf ~vp pvY ~l rn[zxY[ pvY Urx[ Yy [p [vp tzrlxY ~Y~ [l rKYvM X~Gzx{f rz [xx. Y~ {ll rKYvMf ~r Ry vM[ X X~Gzx{f rz[x r{l r}r Yyx. X{p r{~pp X [fv zY{ l  ~ t{x. Rn n{~ rop vlY{Y t{f rl  R K rKYvM [jylpK Y{n? Rr ~{p  X rtq v~ tzv {n[lx.

rKYvM Y{n?

1965 p{Ktyx Url zn rKYvM 1988-89 ~vx cr vov YyY ~u ~vYxY  ~ppno R| pxYxY z~ Yfxl Y yplK [jylpK[ ~xyx. rynx |{ nzx Spy rgx ~~{Y { yplK 1985 {~M  W |} xY YfN ropl{xf rl { Rly r~{ lv RplM |{ nzxx |} tz vjhzx zYK{yx z~ n Yfxl Yx. [jylpKz[ rx h { Rly v{ ~z x. X{p r{ ~x Y[zzx. ~x {vz ~xy [x v[v [x rKYvM yplK rynx Spy rgxf Rl  { YzY xppf vllp Tf Rl x. ~y~x l r{ |} n|rzpx Xf Svl R~{ncpY RlvY { Rly rynxf rj Y pp X rtz |} xYYxY t{f rl x. A x[x crf Rux[ Y  ~ |} ~opxY RYhx{ l p{ Rly crf ~Ktpo ~vc{ |} ~[vx rynx Rrl rly{ ~xx. ylK  } { A x[x rynx ~ rYf ~fpY |} xYYx Rlyf rKYvM n WYx.
S[pvf ~v n|rzpx {p{p n lv Sv Yrv v~ Y rKYvM cr ~ppno R|xf WY {x ~y~ ~~{Y z~ ~xvx. 1987 {~M Rrz 17 {  rzzYz v Yq{yf Wzz Y ~MmY cr ryxf rKYvM ~Ktpo { pvl { YzY xppf vllp X rz~xf Yf x. A ~v vU[ny tl y~ tzvf rvYvMf ~ {j vl tpop[y [l Yy ~x  r{ cr r{Mopx v {p{p X lv Yzx Yr Yx. tpop[y[l{ ~ l{l ~yYy{Y { y[v ~K ~v[ yp rp xvf ~z~vY K Rly rKYvM xl Yx. Wx ~MmY x. A Rp{ X[ T` {~~mpx {x Yplz rn|xx. Y Yzp cr Yjvz ~Y Yf{f Rll { rKYvM Yjvzx cr ~ppno R|xY  Yx. ~ Rxo |YxY t lv r~ |Yx ly Yy [pvf rKYvM YzzM v Yq{yf ryxY Wzz Yx. Wx ~MmY x.

rKYvMf l{l pvY

Yjvzx cr ~Y zYK{yx z~ rl { rKYvM A x[x ~vYxp Rly p{j [vj p. WY ~vp ~p WYv RyvjY  v{pp ~ Yjvzx  Xf lvp {v l{l YpY v x. A ~yl Yzx. h ~fpYy{p{ RlRh[{f [K  v{ ~v[ x Y YpY { ~yl Yz A ~Ktpox Uh KtKt |}exY n x.  Spx yxY { ~yl Yz R{~px p{lj cr lx.
YrYf Sp zY [~vf n{~yY ryp vl  Wxf yox rp zY{f rj ~ Spx ~v ~oY v{f ryxY Wzz vf cr yjx Yx. A Rp{ Wv ryx Yjvzx  ~ vf ~z~K Y Rly R{~p ~z~v ~Y~ v rKYvMf  Yzf uy x. ryx ~q Yjvzx 93 Yp{ R~z rn|x ly [l Rly Spxp ufxp[ vy ~ay rtq vp R{opxp ~p ryx ~ Yyp px ~z~K Yx. ryx ~q rKYvM ~ ~yl Yz xp nnpv rn[zY{v ~Ktpo { Rly Wx RrY} Y RYyxfv ~MmY WYY x. ryxp x[x Spx ~v ~oY ~t [jp 14Y { Rly npY tyrl l{z zt. A ryxp zn ~MmYl{x ~v[p K x[zx Yjvz {yx rn~ l{l tKtxY Rf{ Rly Wx n tzryll { rsz [p RNx. ~v[ R{opx WzTxf xv{ t lll{xY K ry rtq {[v Yp[ [jvf ty {{l y ~opx r~{ ~lx ~x [llx. pvl Wf ryy t y [~ t. Spxp v{f Wzz Y Wv ry ~opx l rKYvMf { t lp l{l Sf [p [xx. rop pxYxp ~x npv r vMnpxf zY{ x ryz{[~ ~ lll{xY l Xf rY}x l vlvf ~ to{Y px. rj Jy[l WYv cr n|rzp vjhz ~uYx { ~v{| Rvy~ n|[l v Wx r~ Yx.

rKYvM Yf{x

Spxp v ~v[ r{ ~zzK Y rKYvM R{~px Q zY RyY}Y v {l Yf { Rly X RlRh[{f rl { R{~mN Yjvzx uy v zox z~ Yfxl Y W{Yf YMpz{yxY { ~yl p~Y vlx. xn v RlRh[{f rl{ [ YzY X{p[ uyx rpylmrpx { rKYvM v uyx ~x Spx v{f Wy lvp ~ Y ry rtq RlK v{ ~v[ t [llx. RlRh[N ~ cr ~vYxp rpylmrpx v {p{p v{ ~v[ ~x[xp {h Y rKYvM S v zop [ |{~x YlyK Yy [ll n xll X{p ~v[ rn[zY ~ay ~n WYK {yv n Yy [llx. Y~ {ll cr {p{p r~fyxY Rz{ ~vp ~vYxp r{ ]lpxf zY { r~vY rKYvM { S vGfK cr pxYxY  Jy[ll Y~ n xpp l{vl p~j [f{. A ~Ktpo o vvlply r{p vl A rtq [p [fv ~YDb v Rr rop r~llxf to{.
lv Mop rY n|rzpxf Sp rMzKpl{f R{Mj v {n[l Yy ~zY ~pnMuxY {{~mrl {nxf Rp[l { t {v|Y rY}{zf Rl { Syjv crf n Rl v WY Rlp RyvxY pN. rMzKpl n|rzpxf rvZl{ K  v fv {n[l {px n|rzp tzx ~ {pl Yyj pN. cr {Mlvp RMtnx Rr lyK [l xll A RMmx.

{Mlvp RMtnx

cr {Mlvp RMtnx vy xvf rfp [pj 2010 cpr{yjxf Y YzYf ryx. cpr{yjx  cpyz ~yl p~Y [ r RrY}Yl{x ~q rY}x ~x Yx xl t{f xcp{Y n|rzp vjhzxf Srl Y Rpy Yvy ~pxY vp{yxx. pvl n|rzp vjhzx tlyxY Rpvxp A xcp{ r}r x. ~pop[l n|rzpx l lv rY}x Rppl{ p| {p t{  Wx rY}xf xY t{f  vlxY cr l 2004p r~ Yzx l {Mopx {ppf x. r ryvj Rjh{ ~v[ r{~xYf xp lv n|rzp r|nol{x z Yy[l t{f |{~xY cr  vlop l { vl 2004 v v{yjx  Qzrx ~v[ ~popxYf xvf cr yjx Yx. p{l Rr~  tzvY K  Wx X{pf R{~xY {{l YYzp{ Wx {~xY x. A ~ rMzKpl vp oy 39Y crf  {j Rly Tf Rvly{ r~{ r{ rl ~u v{yjx  vp oy 80Y rY}x Yy [llx.
Y~ {ll cr Qzr [xf { Rx} px. ~p ~p vjhz xcp{ vl rnpK{ Rjh{p Wxf xvf cr yjx Yx. 2005 cpr{yjx Yq{x W{ lll{xY lx.

y{| [p Avf xcp{Y

2005 cpr{yjx ~q rY}xp RrY}YxY pK Y xl t{f xcp{Y rKYvM [jylpK rvZ xK[l Yjhxv [p Rly A ~q X{p[ lv  tj vz y{|{x. pvl R{~px n|rzp vjhzx  Rpvx  {x vpn ycrY} vlf ~x r v {p{p { xcp{fx. vpn ycrY} ~v[ r{ ~Ktpol q {vp Rply{  vz y{| rY}xp rflf xvl ~v[ ~pop[l n|rzpx r}r vf  x ~ W{ppYf R{Mj pvf rY}x  yjxY [llx. xK[l YjhxK [p A vl{nx cr xcpx Yyp cprx ny{ xcpx Yypppf n r[vf ~ x. rY}x W{ rrlvx p{Y [p x  ~yl p~Yf ~x Yvf Srl { xcp{ r}r v RyvxY px.
xcp{ r}r vp Rply{  Yzvf rl Rpy ~pxY lvp n|rzpxp S{l {p t{f Rply R`vY Wxp r~{ ~ Yx. cr Ruply n|rzpx l rtz vl vlrp k alxY ~ rpp zp ~z{ Rpy{ ~p~{p n|rzp vjhz ~uYxp Rvlp M] Yl{Y Y Wxp r~{x. {p~ {p lll{xl ~v[ Yzpyr{ {p~v {n[l t{ R{oyjx Y zp[ Yl{ n|rzp vjhz ~uYxp[ l {p~ vf lyK rtz x. R{~px X{ ~yl p~Yf ~x v ~q Rpvx zt ppx. Yzx {p~ vf Ul~ Y cr Yzxl ~v[ Rp[l vf yjx Yx.
~yl p~Yf ~x Yvf Srl vl ~v[ YzxY lvp[ RY WY ~ly { Wcrx ~v[ {h vf crf ~ v n{x ~ynvY x. pvl xK |l r RyvjY {p{p ~yl p~Y{ pv {p{p cr Urvxp {h Yx. Rn ~pop[lK ~Ktpo{ tz{l yox nY{p A vl{nxf pxYl{x ~rxp rt cx[h {l z~l {ppp r{ W r~nx p~Y[ RrY}Yl{x {p{p ~x r Yx. ~yl p~Y vl[ ycx v{l r YMxzx crf {p { Yvyx uy{ ~x rtx.
cpr{yjx rycxf rl vl ~v[ p{ll ~pop[l K{zf Wy{ vl{nx Sxf rxx. A ~v[v YzxY xf[~ t l{l vl{nxY n px rlx ryf rxx. A cp[ r|px ~Ktpoxp rY}x nyp ~z c{ ~{llv{ ~m{yxp tyf R xl t{ x. l~l{nxf Wy{ xnox r{ ~vx A ~v xf[~ t K vl{nx p{ll vl {x xnox vvp Rply{x. rz{x vzx z~ ~pop[l v r}r Y Yjhxv x ~x cp[ r|px ~Ktpoxp rY}x f {h ~pYKrl lpYf [vp Y xl t{ x. l~l{nxf Wy{ { xnox r{ R{~mN  vx r~nx rY| pYl rKYvM[ vzYl{xp Yl { ~Mx ~`y{ y vz y{|[ c{ ~{yrx r|p Y t{ Rrf vlYx.

~v{| rKYvM  {ap {vy{Y

WzT fr pxY ruYyp[ v{[ R{v`z Uzf rY}x xlxY ~Ktpo vp Wx rflf rpvf R{~m{Y ztp t{  vlop[ Rn~ x. X{p xcp Y rY}x xcpx Yyp fr YyY ~u ~ur yvz[K ap~Yyp A R{~m{f ~u[ x xl t{ x. ~v{| Rvy~ Wx { r}r Yx. A ~Ktpo{ { {nx v {x rKYvM  ~v{| Rly Uj~K {ap {vy{. Wx Sx vl{p ~K {zY ryy{Y x.
~pop[l n|rzpxf ~vvf rY}x yjxYy t lll{xY  Rpv p~Y vlxf rY}x r ryr RrY}Y{ z~ Yw v p[y ~u v{yjxf Srl vf Rpy ~pxY vp{yx xl xcp{Y n|rzp vjhzxf Srl Y vl A ~Ktpo{ R[ Upp{Y pv v l  Wcrx A [p Upp pv l Wx xf [xx. Y~ {ll rKYvM rM|{xp pK Tf ~ RpYzl{Y  {x pl. W~ RpYzl{Y pY{ X{p ~yl p~Y tpop[y [l vf yox r {zYh  r{l{ Y yol{ ~q cr ~u[ v n Rp{| t{ x ~xx. pvl A Ul~x {Mm {.
{Mlvp [fv l cr xYYxp ~mp[l{ ~p RYyx l rvYvM xcpx Yyp  vlo Yjhxv l n rY}x rtz cprx al [jp{Y ~x. rY}x {p{p Yw ~YYx l {hYfxl Y vzp, [Kr R~Y, z~l {l rt cx[h, vl R[z { n|rzp vjhz ~uYxp rvYvM ~v[ [p  J. KRly v{p n|rzp vjhzxp S{l Y t{f vo {Ml r  tjl l{vl rY}x Wv r{lx l{y Yy pvl. RpY Rlf vl Yzx |{ nz rnox y vl { |} xYYxp Rlp nlp npY y tlyxY K Yjhxv {f [p{ ~. A Rp{ ay Y~{ll, pn p[v{, Uz rvylp { fr RplM |{ nz |} tz vjhz Yq{KYy{p npv K {p fl  vlop  WY  ~. K Rly r~[x t lYv lvp K [fK  vo~m{ ~p t{ rp{ n|rzp vjhz ~uY r. Yzylp n YyzYy{pf WYl  R t{ r{~x. W~v ry cr xYp {p Brl {l Rl vllx, ~yl vz { rry xYp [jp{Y n rKYvMz ~v[ ~.
[fvf ~Ktpo YjhxK nYv rY}x tz {x, ~Y ~op l lv lvp[ |Yp ly Yy [vf Yfxl Yyp ~p RYyxY Y[l x. Yly  vly ~YYxp zYK{y z~ Yfxl Y rjhY  avy lv YjhxK ~v[p pfvl vlo Yjhv  WY{ ~p Rly [zz { ~YYxp n { tzx X{pf R t{ rpppf J. [zz cr rMzKpl vp Rl Yvy n ~Y ~op v[p Wzz{p rhpx vN rKYvM [jylpK [ rz  WY{ ~p t{ xN. ~v~lxY z~ [l f rY}x |}, lyj  Ypl ~op{z tzx YyzYy{p ~l  r{. RpY Rlf R rz{ nYYf ~Ktpo { pf {l{ ~fp tlyxY cr ~vYxp{ n lvp {l Rn [vf X{pf A  Rr~ {lx ~x pY. R{ R lll{x vN cr {Mlvp pxYl{x n r~{p ~fp Rlvf ~pK pv t{Y rpppf J. rY}x l lv |Yx ly Yy [pv {p{p X{p R{| Yyp ~v rx{yYv [vf r~tf p{p RYyxY rpppf Rl.

nr Rxx r{y [vY

rz{ll r cr rY} vz~mpx  W nr uy{ ~ vnpxY pK rY}x rMjYzp ~vYx[p A Rxx r{y [vf rY}x Yfxl v, A ~Ktpo{ rpx  q Uyjx. rnx RtoxY ~l vnpxY (vx X[ ~t pv pN) cr vz~mpx ~{x Y Rly rY}x y~ rflf zt K anp Xf n Wzz x. ~v{| Rvy~ rvZ rY}x cprx rz A t{ l{y Yy [vp Rply{ vnpxY[ uyx t Rxx r{y [vf rY}x Yfxl Y Rly p rY} vz~mpx Rl A ~x nr r{px v zYK zp ~z{[ p. vnpxY[ v pp zxr Yy R rY}x ~l {p nYY Rxx r{y [vf rY}x Sl  RYyxfv Yfxl Y vl X W~ v r}r Yx.
K vl ~v{| Rvy~ rvZ Yjhxvf { R rtzv |Yx {px rY}x rtzlv tz {x {p vov YyY ~uN ~x X{pf { vx x r{~{l Wx {yx. rY}x vov YyY ~uYxp ly npY[ ~x ~v{| rzf { R t{ p[ppf ztp Rly W v ~xx ~r. r~[x ~ r{ vov YyY ~u ~vf ~v{| l{p ~x npv r ~u[  ~xl YyzYy rM|{x xcpx Yyp ~{Y Tf ~Ktpo {x pl. cr ~l l{l roplv {xY {p {lx ~ R|x ~x[x n { Rll rY}x cprx Yjhxvfx. rMzKpl{ xcpx Yyp vp{y [l f r{ A l pll Rl Yvy rv.

zY rlxl nYh {x

cr z r{lrl p{{l A lyvf K rY}x  ~KtpoxY R zY r{lrl n K RMtnx l nYf t J. r{lrl YMl vjhzx  vlop  WY{ ~x  RoY} vjhz ~vYxp np Rlp nnpY xcpx Yypx Tf Wy rzx. zY r{lrl r{l{[p xv ~Ktpo{ rY}x ~x ~x {[K r~[x Yzx r{y tj rt cx[hfx. A ~v n YMl vjhzx { ~x[x  vlop ~l{ r{. pvl RoY} vjhzx ~x[x  RpvxY pv{ zY r{lrl A z~pv Sx  vjx Y  n xpp pK [f ~[lx.
zY r{lrl rvjY p{ K [fv l lvp[ vo AYYx n ~y{ vf rY}x yjx Yy J. vo AYYx ~ Rppn  Rpyno xp nnpv  vlop  [pnp v Tf l{ t{ p[ppf R Rly rY}x {p{p vo Yfxl vxv {[v l yl vp{yxv uy[p J.
[fvf v{ ~p rM|{ nYv r K vl Ul~ Yyp ~px rY}x l lv lvp[ |Yp lyYy [p rY}x Rxx l{y Yy [vfx. Wx X{p ~ Yyp RYyx rtq{ Sx  Rrf fl {h ~ly Yl Y  {p{ ~Yx.
avy zY}p Yvy
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