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SzxH-1 X~ vuyl yvxj yY{ ~xzzv vzx WYYn?

vuylx  SzxH yY{ x[zxl, yvxjx  X~ yY{ x[zxl WYv r[ Sp xyrx cpYl nYY rnpK{ rtpo Yy Jn?
Spx S~x ll, {Mlvpx ll vuylx ~ yvxjx xp yYl nYf Rnx lpY { Rl. Wx YlY n xl, l rn[zxY[ yap {{l pll A{f  {pYv Rp{ cxv {zvp ~Y~ Y {x. Rll {|xpv v uylx ~ yvxjx xp yYl nY ~p Spx Ur vnrx ~x [jpY { cp Rly S~x ry RZjh{ r{ ~l ~~YYvx AYtnol{Y zt  Rl. Spx{ pv ycx vl r{lvf n yYl nY ~p v` xYl{xY Sxf n zt np Rl.
yvxjx rn tp zn x[x rtq t vl{n Rl. pvl . r. 6 {p ~x{~ tno Yzx {p f ~KrMjxp v { rfzrl p[yx [p  ~~ v cprn [p  ~fpY yY{{z pl. Wv ~ rfzrl p[yx SY x[xf ry yvxjx rntq R t{ r[. W~v W RyKux tvj [pm{z x[xf ~v Y Y. K ~ ~Yxp ly{ tvj [pm zx . r. 900 Y tno Yzx { . {. 600 Rly yY{ nYv rntq R t{ ~Y{v r[. (zZp[l{ Rll Tf r~ YzYx.)
v uylx ~ yvxjx xp yYl nY rtpoYy Rll V[ {Y n{ ryjxY rnpK Yy[p t{f rtz vlxY Rl. Wx ~l {{l Wv yYl{z S~ {pYvf YvY{xn? vxf Rp[l{ A. Wz. t}K ~ RM. ~. nll { ry n{lp r{ Rn~ nY{ Rl. Rll {|xpv RMcp ~ yv { ~noMvx {p{p xn {p v yxp rtq [Y V[ ~lx n Rl. K rtq R n{l vl rxY v~ x. vuylx RMcp yvxjx yv tN RM. ~. nll rY| Yyx. V[ Nnx vp n yv v tN cYJ r{~x. (p{j, 1998 n~KtM 1 {v, 9 Yzrx, 248 rf{) Wtp r[ {Y x[x R[Y {|xp tzr Rn~ r~Yzp{ {pl vj{yp Y{zYy z~ Srl vp yY{ Mvjx {{n xpp ~x xlx. v uylx ryj Spxxp[ Yh cpYl{p ~Y~ Yy[l t{f rp~[p n l{l rtz vlx. rp~[ K vlx Rp{ vuylxf vz {x uy Yl pK Yh Yl{. (W. Hopkins, Great epic of India, 397) K ~ RMxxp Spx{f Rl {l [p cpYl{zp v Y{x nYY ~Y~ Y t{f rz S`xY ~rxx. vuylx W~Y R[x r}r Yyp A. Wz. t}K vl, Rvly{ R{oyjx Yy Rll, v uylxp lv Srl Yyp x[xf {h tp {p~ x[xY lyly r{p ~ Wx S~xf R v R~y{ r{p t{x. vuylx l yvxj Yl{ Rll{ R ~ v uylx zx rn[zxp yvxjx p ~p t{ t}K {yfl rz Yyx. (R~vl Spx{ - 517) . r. 1500 f R~pp x[xY RMxp Spx{f Rl {lv yY{ nY p[p ~xn? W~ {p{ pK, zYx ry ~p {pl RMx cpl{pfn vuylx ~ yvxp { y Y{ x xlx.
vM pv [Y cY Yx rtpo Y SzxH ~ X~ xp yY{ nYY [~x Rl. SzxH  X~ yY{ nY yvxjx ~ v uylx xp Spx yY{{zf Yl ~yx Rp Sl ~vpx. vv ~vpYvf l{ YvYn? vxf rly ~x [v lp v vl yY{{zv rnpK ~ S~x {plY x{p t{ ~Y{v { x.
[~xl, SpxNl, Rlyvn rM~xNl cpx |y rvjxp  ty rpvp ~vyrx. X{p[ u}N vzY {ap n ~vpx. vxf Rvly{ ~~Yl, [Y, zp, cMvp, S[~, rM~xp, ~z R u} Yl Yyp cpx[ ryj Rnz ~  ~tql ~ ~~YY Yfxl{zf vzY {l, rnpK {l t vz {ap{z {[nlvY ~vpYKn  x. vxf l{, xyrx ~ R~xN [Y, zp, cMvp, rM~x, ~~Yl u} Yl Yyppp[ vlp llp ~xK ylxY WYv rn|xY WYv [lxY z~ {lvx. xyrx ~ R~xN RMxxp xK R{xY WYv rn|xY {~x Y n pl. vl RMx ux z~ px. Wx Y~rxp vn R~z rn|x. r~{ Wv [lx nYf t xyrxf ~ R~x{f ~Yvjx  Rl. RMxxp vzpv (txvf ry) Yl Y u}{ r[ Sp - xyrx u}{ (Photo Indo - European Language) z~ p{x. K R~p r[ Sp - xy RMxp[ u}{Y, R[vY, ~~YxY r{ rMvjx Y x. r[ Sp - xyrx u}{ ~{Mopx  r~ Yzx  zp, cMvp, rM~x, [Y ~ ~~Yl R u}{p R x. vz~ u}N vpv, plp Sp - xyrx RMxxp t xvf ry rN ul Y yY{ ~lxY tjn? tj pK, Wx r[ Sp xyrx y Y{ ~lxY z~ px x. [Y RMxxp (SzxH ~ X~) [~xl, Sp RMxxp (yvxjx ~ vuylx) SpxNl yY{ ~lxY [hp[N r[ Sp xyrx yY{ ~lxY R~p t{ ~vf rvj{l ~oY ~ ~vpl vv yY{ x[z nY Jn? xK z~p Wx ~pm {{l yY{ x[z nYfv rnpK { ~l S~ ~vY tjl A{ R {pp Y~rxp vn R~z vl RMx uxf x xlx. W~ {{l yvxjx ~ v uylx ~K ~ al ~~l Spx u[zx ~v{f Rxl pl. Wv yY{ ~lx ~K ~ al Spx{f ~lrK n~ [jpY Rl Y~rxp vn R{f u[zx ~v{f Rxl x xlx. K ~q yY{ x[z nY ~vpn xpp lzplvY{ [ Yy tzv.
[Y v Y vM[ SzxH yY{x Yl ~yx v~x.
~rMfN (Sparta) vpz~ (Menelaus) Yvy[ R[plYxY z~, fx (Troy) ryx rxK (Priyam) R[ yc[ rl r~ rjx. pvl vpz~f ~ v [vpY xvf ~{x. Rlyly r~ (Paris) Yvy zp Yvx ry[p fx{zf xl Yyx. zp xp vpz~[ qx. Rr~ r vpz~ Yvy zp Rr~ zt [vf xno Yyx. vpz~[ [Y rM|{x vx{pp vpz~[ ~xy R[vKppx. v [~xv lyp { R~z{~ yf{z |z [jp{Y AYtno v{Y [Yxp WYl Yy [. W pxYl{x ~lMvlY { xz~~ x. v y{yxY  Rz~ xo tz RcY~, n{r[l xv~, p{no p~fM xp rop r~ npx.
r~[ fx rM|{xf YfM pv rxK yc[ rlxY pxYl{x nx. vv v ~p[f fx R{f ~|z yco [jp{Yv Roy ~p W{x. nxpn nrllf tn. xno n{x fx rM|{xfn ~v n{x x{p rM|{xfn UrYy Yyx. {~y [jpY xnox R xx. ryv R~Y rcYxY { Yx~x[ {f [Y rM|{x R[vKpp[p R~oyjxY {x. K ~ v yj |y Rz~ X ~v[ vl [fvp [Y r~ yxx. pv{p {~y R{~px  r~  vpz~ Rly n{pn ~fp. cx[Yxf zp Rxx xl t{ ~fp Ypn~xx. ~fp r~ rycx {x. pvl [~v YhYyx. xl nrY}x xn{. [Yxp tz{l rycxYf ` {x. [Y rY}Y n{yp[ vl vp Rz~ Rr~ ~fpf WYl {x. nRf {~yY R{~px  fx rM|{x v ~pr { YfM, Rz~ Rp x xx. [Yxp cx[l tp zp Yvx vpz~ Yvyf Rr~ uy nx. pN{zp cx[Y r{y Rr~ [~xf ` {x.

SzxH Y{x ~ vuylx ~vpl
v uylx lv yvxjx R~v, Szx~ Yl{ l X~ Yl{ x x. v uylx rop yxp r~ np. X{p {pp x~{y, RMcp, pYz, ~ uv, n{ xp r~ npx. SzxH yxp {pp xz~~, RcY~, p~fM, xvh~, Rz~ xp Rx[ pK r{ x[z {|xp [l Yz vuyl yxpf ~vp N. v uylx nr Yvx ~nyxp ~x npv tzryll v ~ ~xyp Rly ~fpY Rv {Yv ~q X{p ~xzzpfv r uMx{ x. vz~ SzxH Agememnon  Achiles yxp WYv x{xY ~ Ry[zxY Yyx. RMcp Rl r~ {~y 13 Y rf{z{ ~f T` {~M ycx vf Mxop ryp  Wv ryp{ Yhv ~ v ~fpY R {x. SzxH  n r~  vpz~ Rly n{pn{ ~fpp [f{ ~{n, r~[ rM|{x [~v YhYy v ~fpY rfp [. v uylx n, SzxH Y{xn cx[Y { yxp r~np[ rM|{x ~vp N. X~ n{ {M[x Coronos Yyp~ rl z~ pv  v uylx Yy {|x Rlyn |z ~vpYv.

vM[ X~ (y aY{) yY{x Yl ~yx v~x.
vM[ X~ (y aY{) yY{x n SzxH Y{xfv tno {{. fx ~fpf (Ithaca) SlY n|xp r X~x~ pK yx Rr~ xl Yzr~ pK v ppyxY ~p X~x~ rlY ~y Yy [. X~x~ [ rpzr pK yr ~pnxY { q ryv r{l{xp X~x~ Wply {~y [jp{Y tz x. [Y r~ X[ (X~x~) ~y[l v pn. WY~ x}xp[ rlY rzr~ pK pxYx[ WYv R~ X~x~ ~p Rpo v ~ K ~y[l vf X{pf rY} n{y n UrYy Yyx. Rr~ [vp X~x~ x[x t{ [Y cpx |{~ Yyx. K Rlyly n{ ~u{ ~ X~x~ n~ Yyp z~ Szz vM pv r{hYy Yzr~x {l x{x. r{hYy { vM r{hx [pxpp Y - rM{l nny{ R~f rp R~ xp Rlyly |z ~yy ~l x}xY to Yyx. vM X{p p| Yy Yzr~xf r{hx xx. n~ zt X~x~ Rlyvn ~xp yc{y  pxY n{yp[ UrYy ztp ~x yff Wx. K Rlyly r{l yp X[ nx {~y [jp{Y ry ~yjr}Y R~z{~ Yvyp[ rh . lzva~ pK R[ rlx X{pf yno{ Yfxl Yy rpzr Y [x.
X~x~f UrYy Yyp n{y Yyp~ rlxp z~ p{x. v n[ UrYyxp X~ {~ {[p lv ycoxf Rl {x. K Rlyly ~yjr}Y Rplpx~ xva~ {pp{p ~{x{yxp X{p Rlp YpY ly [vf tz Yyx. R{~px  X~x~[ rl lzva~ lyjx {~ vy Yy{[p X~x~ n ~x{y r{l{p lpf [p Wx. vv ~yjr}Y lyjxp[p [zvf ~l rzr zYx ~ yj|yxYf x p ppY rp{ Wxp p lpll ~v[ { {p t{ xx. lyjxp vxf R~vMm {pvl, vzzY[ N}xp ~ X~x~ ppp . Wxp x YY Xf rv. Rply{ ~yjr}Y lyjxp vy nv X~x~ Yvx  ycx x Rlrl Yy [.
vl ~Ktpox
zzp ~pp~[v