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~x RMY [x
|v {fr Ryvnz lyvxv  W [zx tzrv

YxN phx vfM ~v[K ~ur{yx ly rl Yy [K  [f{Y vl x. A 2008 {~yx. p{ rlvf ynol{x r Y Wyf |v {fr Ryvnz {p{p ~u[ { xlxp x. A {p f phx ~v[K Yf~{zp ~xxf 4.5 Y  Yy[p ~ |v Ryvnzf Wrp xppf ~~ xlx R~vl {. YzxN v{ vlK ly {Ml {x. RvYN rpl vGfp |v {fr Ryvnz ycxf Rptnl{  rn[zY {{~x {|xp r{l{[p xp Rly A{x vnz Rxcpx Yy R ~v[K{z rop oxYx yj [K  vv Ryvnz{z xlxp Yy vl ~zzzY nY{.
K Rp{ |v {fr Ryvnz z{ tz[lv opx  {ry t{f rl{ J. WYly {rY ~`y{Y ~qp Y Rpnvf zYx {M}Y yp ~rxv RvYp hzM zxp nn~Y {p Rly pf |[l Yy R |v {fr Ryvnz lp~xxY r[opx RvYp hzM zxp  SYvx. Wv Ryvnz yp z [vf yjx Yl zYx ylyp z S xv p{Yx  Rly yp z rzpx ~KrMjxpv |v Ryvnz{z tzrvf xfl{p Rl. tylz  {pl {ryxYf n Rlrl x YY W Syjv t{ ~Yx. |v {fr Ryvnz z{ Yzwp tz{lv op RYy  Rll Rx? y~ Wxf rl WYl{p opx  Wx Urx|z{ vx{p RYyxx. 2006 {~M RvYp hzM zxp xY { rop |v {fr Ryvnz lp~xxY r[opx 2010 R{ynn R{~p {p f RvYp hzM zxp 11.5 SYv{ j.
pf {Ml{p Rpnvf zYx RY WYf R |v {fr Ryvnzf YK xpp crpxx. Wx RvYp hzM zxp 1.315 . {x~[l{p crp {~xp[ RMY  ~vc ~t~opx ~KrMjxpv vv Ryvnz v[p xK ~yY}ll{Y R Yyx. WlY zYx Sv Ryvnz rf{[p ~ pMN ycx RvYp hzM zxp 475 Y ~v[ n{ ~mpxf n, pnMzplx RvYp hzM zxp 299 Y ~v[ l{ ~mpxf n rl{ ~, vzp ~qp Y YxN |v Ryvnzf zY |[l K{zf Rp{ {pp r~{ ~mpxx.
clply RlK Rp{ Sl tz{l Rxlp t{ r[pp |v {fr Ryvnz |z tzrvY Yyp Rly Q zYN ~{Y |v rzu Ryvnz ~mrl K xcp{ yf l l{l RpnzpxY cl Yyp xcp{Y t{f rl{ J. clply RlK Rp{ |[l Yy R |v {fr Ryvnz{zp { rvjxY Rjh{Y rzpxp ly x. A{ rzpx Yypp ~{p n{l vjhz v[px. W rzp RYp |v Ryvnz rzpx Yyp RYyx Rp{ W rzu ox. 2010 {~M  t~z Ryvnz ~xxf 24 Y {MopxY rp{ R Rly X~Gzxp Ryvnz {Mopxf ~xxf 16 . Q zYN pf ycx ~l ~{Y RMm ~oY, ~{Y uyYy  ycx |v {fr {|xp Ryvnz lpY R Rly rn[zY R|x ~l ycx rzpx p{p l{l ~{Y RM~oY  |v {fr Ryvnz 170 Y rvj Rl. ycx ~l ~{Y RMm~oY Ryvnz A Rlp |zv {lYv R Rxlpxx. 2010 {~y R{~p {p f W {lYv yrxz zxp 902.6 Y { Rly W {lYK{zp { r|lxY Rxcpx Yyp znn ujh[y zrl  ujh[y tKYy z [v { ycxf jx ~rxp xcp Yv{zx. Wxf Rvly{ ~ {|xp Yf~ {qr l Rn Rxcpx Yy J. pf vyf vz {qr rz Rprl RhYy R  ycx ujh[y zrl{zf [{p Rh rzu xp vv ~{Y RMm~oY Ryvnz zY} ~~Yf { ~vYxpf {M}Y{ ztp rzx Rh WY. ycx rzpxf xfl vv Ryvnz ycxf jx ~rxp rop r{xY {p tp rl ycx R{|l {p{p {c tY rz Rprl{zf {h Rh rzxf Ryvnzp ~ vnz R{|l ~ry[ppf { J. Wx ycxf {~x. K ~ ~{Y RMm~oY  uyYy Ryvnz rn[zY R|x {hYyp cpl{[p ycx R{|l {p{p rl RxYyp Rvly t |}xY rvj. ~{Yx[p  ~{x[p RxYyp ~vY vnz R{y rp~ rYf r~ |v ztp ~{Yx[ Rlf ztpp p{p vnzY {|x. {M}Y rzxY {p pvl ~v {~yYv r{p Unovp RprYx Rp{ vnz {pYv Rh{p xp {~y Yf rvj r~ S K {|xp ztp vnz R[x ~rY}{ r WYY t{ ~zx xl x.
vyf cp[p {Mopx, ~vcx { {x~[l cp[p r|lx S xv xp l{l n|YxYf rvj r~ vyf ~Z  ~vc ~t~op xnK {x  t{ Rp{yjx Yy[ppf   Rl. A Rp{ ycx xnK {{p Rly Wx ycx {M}Y Rx{x zZpxf Rvly rhpxY x  t{ clply vz Ryvnz Y}j rp{  Rl. cp[px {x~[lv rvjY p{ ycx Rxlp RYMx}v v, YvpYyjx  szxl{ ~Ktpo [f, t Yv, ~poy Yv [p p{l ayj z~ yff xcp Yy J. rn[zY R|xf  ~{x x{z yl vcpl{f |v {frY {hYyp cpl{f x xl t{f xcp {x A Rp{ x.
~WY{p ~x{~ vn u[x {p f vyf cp[pxp lyp WYY |v x xl { {x~[l r~ {p Rlx RMY rMx}j {Ml rp{x. WY~l cp[ ~opx {Ml Rp{ zYx ~{Mopx {p yf{z cp[pxp xp WYY R{y ff { r~. R~xN K lll{x {p~x. Wx ~v ly npY[pv WY RxY {h Y p |YxY {p Rly X phll Yyppf ~{pp ~~ npfx. R~xp Yzrx vv n|Yx  N[xp ~{Mopx {p pvl Wxp r~ { {x~[l cp[p r|lx S xv  |v tYx Rhv ~ Rvly tz{l }Yyl{Yf n rl{p Rlx ~zY. Q zYN cp[p {Mop Y}j Rp{ {~y 2025 {p f {x~[l cp[px 1980 f ~rY}{ lp [jxp {x  t{ Rp{yjx{ J. { {x~[l r~ cp[px RprlxY {|xp {{p f yff vj nppf ~{p [f Rn r{p lll{xf {h {p~ x. r{zY RxK, Urxp {h Y  {x~ r~{p rn[zxpf phll Yyppf ~{p r~ { {x. {Y x{Yf lv ny{p  nnp[ nv{rxp Y tz [vf rvj{l RxvY Urx [vf p {{l [f vlv p{Yx x. R{~p [x  ~vcx R{p r|p{zf ~K ~rxpppf ~{pp Rjh{f x. vyf rn[zY R|xf  ~{x x{z yl rn[zxpf |v {fr [{p xcp{Y r~[x Rx{x zZpxf Srl Yypp A Rp{x. ycx ~{Yxpf  ~vp{ |v xvp r~ ~p~zxY lxY [l K Rxx rn[zY R|x ~{Yxpf n J. Wxf Rvly {|xp n| x{z yl  ~{x x{z yl Rx{p[ Rp[lx {p{p n ~zY {p {pv ycx rzpx xfl r{p |v {fr Ryvnz R Yy[ppf ycx Rn~ Y x.
vv rn[zY R|x |v {fr {p{p ~Y~ Yyp rpl rMzKpl{f Srl vf ~pK { R{~mN  yol Wzz x. {lx ~  tY ~{Yxp vv rplf Wy{ RYyj xvM[{zf n R{Mj { Rly rpl ~qp xcp [p {hYyp cpl{ Wy v ycx ~zzzf zY x. vv Rl |v {fr Ryvnz {p{p ycx yrxz zxpx t[p rrnp ~rxppf n ~pp ~p Rly{yx W rzu {p {hYyp cpl{ Wxf yno vf Yyj rxY tzrNx.
~xxf nYY r|lxY ~{Yx[p  l{l ~xxf nYY ~{x[p vv |v Ryvnzf R{Mxp xY Yy [v. Wv xYl{x R{y nxY RZjh{ ~KrMj { r~ rvjY |v {frYf YK rY| Y  {lx Rp{yjx v  A Rlyvn R{~m{z  xY vnz R x xx vlxY Rv  rop {|xp rn[zY R|x ~{YxY |v xp {x~  {p rl}Y vp{ ~KrMjxpv vv |v {fr Ryvnzf x{p t{f r { {Ml xj Napxf l x. K Rp{ rn[zY R|xp |v xp rn[zxYf lvp ~{x Y {~y [jp Rp{ {~yYf v~xY t[p rl}Y vp{Y zK {yv R {p Rlx {Ml r x. rn[zY R|x ~{Yxp vv ~|opx [p YvllY pnY{ppf Wx tyrl l{Y x.
cpr vpn ycrY} vl K ~Ktpoxp r{l{p zn ~YDb{p r~ ~{Y  {lx ~ vjhz Rn~ v~ ~|l rn[zY R|x ~{Yxpf, ~{x x{z yl {{pf  n| x{z yl {{pf |v {fr [{p xl rpl ~Y~ Yy R RYyx [p WY`l{Yf rjp z~ xcp  J. Rply{, YKYy Rvl [ zY[ vl[ ropl{xp r{ cY YKYy Urn|Y ~uN |} ~YDb {fx  p{ Rn~ Rp{ ~Y~ Yyp rpl YfKrlY {~yY Rll rMzKpl{f Srl Yy ~Kvl Yy [vf ~x rM|{ WY`l{Yf rj R t{ r{x. K Rp{ yff R{| Yyp vyf ~~Yxf [rp rn[zY R|x |v {fr xcp YvxY ~Y~Yy [vf Rl Rux[xY Rr vN Rl.
|v zvp r~ [l Yyp lx [p xj ~vcx ~ R{opxf zY{ tp Rly RMY {|xp xj {p ~p Q zY cp ~vcxf n W{ p{ r{jl p{ v {n[lx. ycx ~{Yxpf pfvl |v {fr x. Wxf Rvly{ |v tYx |z Yf~Y {p ~~ r~ {p{p Rl |v {frY xcp vp pf xK xK R|{z yl{ RxvY Urxp r~ |v [x r~ X{p[ Rlf xK ~y vnzY ztppf ~z~x x. ycxf nyppf ~{p ~t~op xnK ~vYyppf R{~m{ Wxp Rp[lx  {p Rl.
Rx{x xcp Rp{ p{ rplY ~Kvl  |v {fr xlvY {{l yf l |v {fr Ryvnz [jpY {x. ycx ~{Yxp ~q R |v {fr Ryvnzf Rvly{ rn[zY R|xf  n|x x{z yl {{pf {p { |v {fr Ryvnz {p Rl. ~{Y |v xYl{ Ryvnz, n| x xYl |v xYl{ Ryvnz ~ ~NDb{p ~vY x  ~{x x |v Ryvnz Wxx.
~vpxp pf rn[zY R|x ~{Yxp[ SrxK{zp ~xxf ~ lpY ~{Y RMm~oY, ~{Y uyYy { Ryvnz{zf ~{Yxf  Rxvp RhYy [. pf ~{Y RMm ~oY Ryvnzf ~{Yx[ {frp ~xxf RfY  ~{x[p ~xxf Y xYl{x. RlK Rxlp{z vv ~{Yx[p ~xxf nxY  ~{x[p ~xxf r{. vxf Rvly{ ~{x[ ~p ~{ xYxp[ uy Ryvnzf ~xxf lpY xYl{xY Yx xlx. rn[zY R|x ~{x xYl {{p lv {fr ~v[ Rxlpx ~x xnK {p{p vp~  Srxv R{Mxx ~oYx. ycx ~l Ryvnz{zf ty{p vv vnz Rh rzxf ycx xnK {p{p {x v xY ~[l pl. rn[zY R|x Rl |v {fr Ryvnz ~v[ ycxf R~l{ vnz ryjx Y  ycx rzpxf xfl Ryvnz v vz {qr ly[Yl{xf R{yx.
R{y ff r~ R{~p {frp ~xxf Y |v {frY rn[zY R|x {hYyp cpl{f rvj{l {lx pf ~YDb Yyp vlxx. ycx ~{Yxp[ |v {fr {pp R{y rp~rf r~{x. qf  q[ R{vp Rh {x~ ny{pf Wx {x. pvl |v {fr ztp rn[zY R|x ~{Yxp[ lx R{~p vl ~v[ |v {fr [vn R{~p {x. ~ r xY vnz [{p zn rn[zY R|x ~{YxY |v [p R{y nY lpY Rll R{~p{pl z~ lxp ~v[ppf ~{{l X[  Rx[ xrppp R~yjx.
pf rn[zY R|x ~{Y ~Y{p[ [jp zY} RfY rvjx. R{y nxYf Rh vv |v {fr xYl{x  Rl xYl{x ~Ktpo v ~{pp Y~ x ~{Yxpf rz Y xlx. n| ~{  ~{x x{z yl rn[zxp {p{p RYyp |v {fr Ryvnz ~NDb{p xY {p ~ Rlyv[ [K ry ppf R R{~m tzx. rn[zY R|x {p{p o yY}j Rxlp pfvl |v {fr xcp Yv p{  J. A{x xYl{x [pp z~ rayx Yyp pK{zf X{p {xYyp opx R |zx. vcpl{ W{ rayxY vN r{ W yY}j |v xcp Yv{zf { RYM}jxY pll W R{~p rzu rvj{l p{p t{f vlxY R x. ycx xl Yv{z rzu Wxfl Rh Rly A {p{p tzv ~~ pl. Rp[lx rtq{ y[ tz rrl ~KrnYxp[ Urn~ r Rp[lxf [rp |v {fr Ryvnz ~Y~ v {n[lx. Wx ~ Roxpxp r~ x{f p[v R{| Yyj. A {p{p clply RlK  }lx n{lp ~v[ WYl  Yyp ~{nxYf r~ rpl ~Y~ v ~~ x.
vzp ~qp Y Rpnvf zYx o yf{z yc  rn[zY R|x |v {fr Ryvnz r{. A{ r{l{[p xpp ly[Y Rpnvfx. rn[zY R|x ~v[K WYl  lv ~{Yxp {p{p |v {fr Ryvnz r{l{[p xp Rly ycx W Yypp vzY   op rpv rvj. W{ Ryvnz R{|xpv ycx rzpx xfl r{l{[p pxx. WrvjY pN. Wv Ryvnz{z WYl{ opx W Ryvnz rzpx Yyp |}exp ~p RxK UlrnY {r{z Rxcpx Yy ~vYxpf { rzu RlYy nx. clply RMYx p{ r{jl ~ Q zYN Rp[l R{|l ~zY tz {hYyp cpl{ {p{p Rl Rn~ xcp R v R[x Y xlx. Wpvl v{ xcp{zp W Rxcpx Yyp vcpl{f ztp R{yjx  ~yY}l `v [p ~KrMj |{~xY R v {n[l x. xcp Yvx R Yyppf ~pK R{~mN vl { Rpnzpx  ycx lv{ vcp vlx v~ppf yjx v R[x Y xl Rly {h {n[l ~{nxY v[p yff  vcpl{f rxcp{l {hr{Y R v ~~ x.
[ ~yl [hYpn