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{ { p[p  xp Spxp RnM|x

{M} 1947  Spx{f ~ Ryc{p[p ~c [jxp n~ ztp f Rrfl n~ p tvf lyK tzrK { cY  RplM cY {frf{ ~ A Yzxv Rr yff n n~ zt. 1947  ztj n~ 1948  { z~ {p~ Yf Rrf n~ rpx vf RjhYv {{~m{ X{pf Bp RYyxf ~Y~ Yy p Rx{M c[~[ q[ Urp px { rty{ 04 {p p Rr[ cY px  n~ px z~ ~Kvl Yy [vf lyK Rr RpYyj{ vpv Rp[Y{ { {z vp~Yxp Rll {ppv. 1817-18 {zz~~ cpl p[K W n~ ~fp v ~ ~yxp ~ n|x [tl Yy xfrl vf Yfxl Y ~ RjhYy fpfp pp Rr[ n~ ~vyp aly|x pK Yyppf lyK Rvpe {{ {v.
Yw ~r rpxf {p Yy tp Yw 7 Yy{ll W~ { RjhYyxp[ pp lvl p{ppv. Wl SpxN R[p[y rxYl nYj SpxNl v~xY rvj YzxY ~~y{ n Spx{f Wy { ~ RjhYy{yp[  W{ {|rp[ pp ~vyY pl. ry{z  aly|  W{ ~ {n[l  p{n[l  lp pK Yy pl.
vlv [plv[ ry{ v {n[l lpYv r Rl. rn| pxYxp[ Yxp[ YzYy{p[ ~vyY n Rl. R 15Y  20 lyK U~ ylp {Mj{l Yy ~Y~ Yy Yll x ~zYj Y ~p Yl rxY n Y [ll. Wl ~ Ryc{p[  n|xf cxf  { Rx[ ~vyY pl.
vp {p~Yv tjl lyyv YY {{l K yG ~xzzv Spxp{ {. uyl vl{[ ny{ {. ~xzzv RhKtyxp  Ruvpxp xl{ Spxp{Y {p t{ vf Srl {. cp{ 26 {p pf x t 62 {p cpyc p Ul~{xYfl cp{ 14 {p r{lj ~Yp pK { Rl ~KrxY Rl R{y Ul~{xYfl pllz Ul~{xYf  ~x Yvx Rl R{y Ul~{xfl ~u[K R{~m{ zt.
A ~x lp{z vf v{x Spxp v uyl Ruvpxp xl {~xpx. cY [x Mvl vY yp pm gYy (yppl l[M) vlv [plv lyvfv [y tvp ztppx. SpxN vnz pGf{z Rll {pYv x {{l [plv[ Ruvp{l UhYx bxyrxx. [plv p{! uyl vl p{ (cx [p  - cx uyl vl) Rrf K Ruvpxp WY{p{ ~rl Yyppf {pnp Yyppf YpY Rllv pnn? plpK cxv WYl{ W~ { YpY ly [v Y xlx pn?
r~z r rl Rr[ cY y{yxp[ zx~l{ t [x. p ~x t{l cx  n|x r{ p Rllp n A zx~lN vzf ~p{ x x. W~Y Spxp yc pxYx R|Y Rycxx. Rr[ W~Y rpynx lpr oMv lxjp { vpn v ylp {p~[ rxjp { oMv|Y pK { vycxjpx. A W~Y Ruvpx Ruvpxp Rrf ~rl N.
Rp x[l YM pK { n y Yhp {~[l yxY Rp [p p[f [l Yf Y~` Rh y{l [p pK { K |}g ~ Spx{ {vp vf Y n v ~x cpl{ l cp[l  vyx. RrY{p rfp [l n~ Ry[z ~fp Spx{f [rp ~ {~y RfY ~~ ~z~K Yy cpl ~u[l{xp [plv xl Y ~fp ~p~vyx N. Spx{p {~y 60 [jpYf ry ry r~t~ [x ~c Ryc{nx lv ~{yrx {p~ Yy[p {pl vo vM[ y p{ xfl l{ zvp ~ o ~{yrxp zvp Yyp n nYpf zJ.
v lyK r|p p v lyK c Yz  R[K un p v Rpv ~Krl R ry~xY { Rr yf [hp[ppf ~x npv WY~l{ xlvY vf p {pp Rx? tfy xnN{ {z plpxp Rlvf Rrf p {p ~n?
Spx{ Yzrx v tz{l z~ n zYx rop tz{lp Rly rvZxY z~ n p[ ~pp YlyK r~[ tzN[  pyYxp ty ny[pn? Rrf p lyK toY ~vc tzN[ Bp{fl {h Spx{f Rl. W~ xl SpxN ~{Mopx zY vGfp Sx.
zYx Sv oprxp n np[p Rf npYv Spxp ~Ku{xY Rllp ~ rYfx. A {[v zYx Rplv Rpl [ rrl rlxp n ~p yf Spx{ t{ r~Y N. U[lYp pvp ~{uY ~Krl{zp op{lYp Rvp rzvp Ryxp ~{x r}l tp zYxpv Sp ~pp ~ Tf ryno { p[lYp pp{lYp  tp R { nxp n zYpv Sv lpY v uylx ~px. ~o{yp ~pl{yp vpv W ryno RpY Y{M Rx n ~. R{Y lv Rx vpv }jx n Rzz~ n S vGfvY Rl. A Yx n {{l A ~x n l cY Ruvpx n| {l~zx Rl. A r|px ~xzz zx. [plv p{! v uylx p{ xp rnpvf  p{p ~ ~x RYzr xf Yy vf ~vl tzN[xp A Rx ~y. vx rz Yy x p lyK ry~ryxY z~ rp. Wl ~lx Wxx.
lzph rplx ~ Rp rn| rplx n|rzp pxY vGfK xYp r npY n uylx Rp[l ~{Mopx MjxY MvrYxp vpv RYzr {Mopx n{lp r npY n v vj [~K u[x znn. A Rx[ vlxp t f rzp RYx tz{lpn nY{ [p xvf A Rx ~vl  R t{ rY| Yy. Kx, t~x  z ym R r{p ~{  Wxf RxK vM[ ~{Mopx Spx{f tfp ztj q {~xY xn z~ X{p ~p p [p zt Rl. Wl Y} lY}Y Y} y~xpxp rto p|Yxp, ry  W {rl YvNnxp Spx{f ny[l p {p RYyxp X{p[ rz K{z RplM[l x.
vvl SpxNv Y} y~xY  rto p|Y ~ ~{p vyj ~Z{ RYv rpl ycx {pp Rr pf ~p Rp rn|xx. rrlp  o ~vc rhpxp ~ Yp r~ n v RYx. v rop u}{ l`x. Wx rz  ~~Yl Uy{f UDayjx Yyp W ~vp {ap ~l ~z RY}y Yv Y|x ryj WYly x[xYf ~vp y{K hx RY}y |}x. cpl{ n Rpyory rppy  Ktplf vppyv z{l Yyj[z rn|{z cpl{  rpvp WY ~vpx.
SpxN ~{uY rl{zp x xp rvjxf {h Y} y~xp  rtop|Y tzrvp x xp y[ {p ~Z{ R |zx. vx Rr yf n~ ~~ tzK l{vl Rr yG R|xp R{v xx Ur Yzrpx Y x. SpxN K lll{x [p Rr R{opx xv Y xll Q zY{ [yY Yy [vf Y} y~xp  rto p|Y vx{f l{yfl R{~m{ zt pv ~qx.
YzYf ry vy p|YxY z~ ul Y pf Rr yG ulxp S{l Yy R ... pK y~xpx v RY z~ ul Yyp t{ x x. Rr y~ Yy Yy Yp ny{pf Rnyp [p [~ np l[ u[ z~ YK rky z~ [p xp nK, Rrz, , hK, ry  pyp { rz{pf R~{pp pvf R~pp Yzx n zYrfM{zp fYfM{zp  z{zp xpY{ ~y{ p y~xY {y~{p |lz p{yWx K rfzx ryn{p lyKx. {~yYf Yp|Y fp 90,000Y ul Yyp{ xx xpp ~rf nxYn?
n{ v zY xnox n y~xp R z~ ul vf }rnpx Yyp zn y~xY l[x xnox RKtp vp p{v ~ Sly x. W ~y tz Yy lp{ zYxf Wvp RyKu Y tfy Y}y~xp xnox Spx{ lyK [p ~px. n|x c  Y}YMvx p{l {vp v, YtY ry  ~KrxY |Y ~y (Yw) ryKrY lY}jx  pv ~x Sxf [p xp [plv[ pvx Sxf nv {h Yfxl r ~my  ~vc ~op x [p rfp [p Rl.
R rtz v rvj {rYxp  tcY {rY ~v[K RplM cY ~op vx{Y z~ Srl  ~x n Spx{ Sp K cY {h r{Yf R{Mj{ ~px.
Rx Spx{ K [p Yzrp Yypp? A Rp{ v {~px yf{ vl ~p Rr A RnM|x Ypp [l xll Rx? K [p [wp Yzrp Yypp pK Rr yG [xp y~xY ry ~poyx ycxp Szz ~x xl pN. cprxl{ Y [vf ry ~poyx vl RjhN xrvf xv p{l Rux[ cx [v ~q YvYvxp Wl { { {p~YK Y xlx.
n| vl xrp ry [p{ vf np R |z ~poy op~Ypox YtY ry ~KrxY lY}jx  ryKrY pv n|x c  Y}YMvplx [p ~x tz rMx}j Yy p{ x[xf [rp Rrv Y}YMvplxY ~q xnv Rp[lxf Rl{| nx. tfy lY}jx  W Urn~ vl ~ Yyp Y}YMvplxp Rr n~ {pp pK Ry[|z tvxY R{| p{p lyK y[ cpl{Y  Yy [l x.
n|x  {M[ 4000 rvj t t{f vl x[x S[~p[ {Ml{zp n  N. A{x R~{pp RYYyxYf t~z 300/250 nY{ { t{ n {Ml [lx. ry[ op[yx t{f rl Y ryYK x[x Rr S~xf WY Y Rr ryKrY pv  lY}jx vl rnpK v. 1935  Q zYN Y}YMv nrMlKpl{p r Yyp zn frYz R[Yza~G - pK rY|px W{Yf Y}YMv RoY}{ ~ xpvM (Tropical Agricalturist) xp r pzx rpx Yyp zn ry phy u[xY{l v [xpf vf R~vlv [p { v~zz Roxpx Y xll. 1935  pzx vp yc vl vp pxY Urx UrYv v[p Rr {zY Yy[l tfy lz ry ulN {Mlvp lll{x Y~n?
 Uj pp {~[lxY{ x xp Ywyf {zf t~~ [xp[ Cn{aYx n {Y[h RYv  rY y[p [p  [ r{z Rly |] {Mopxf tzr Rll Yvp ~oYn?
K ~x lll{xp l n Q zY{ l{v rvn pl. SpxN |}xp nYj SpxN K ~Ktpoxp ~{p ~ R p|x Rr ypl Yyp Rl. Rpn vpn Yyp Rl. n|rzpxY l~l{nxf {h vx Slv Yy N. vy{  ]lYx Rr Rlyv ~p Rr {zq[p Rl.
SpxN Y}YMvplx ~ox zY}jxY z~ czx Rh{p ryjx Yyp {[ ~vlzll{Y xlvY Yyx. cz ~Krnpx xpl ~l x[p p v[px. t f u[l czxpx. Wxf [xf { {xY p{pp K ~q ycxp pzx zx zt np ~x. RYYy nY lp Ywyx. Wxf xtn th S`x. x r~ opxp {p rrr, v Rf  U n xtn{x. t lp{z Ywyf xtn{v Yr{[{x. W{p YYp vpv [{xp n Yh rG z~ K R~Mv R  Yyx. A [Ktn xrK Y}YMvplxx. A{f n |}xp {[{pf xnp Y} y~xp{z Rh{Y pl.
r~z xp R[Yz ny{p n Yh ~rr  [K{z {h Yyp R[ Yz Rx n ~`vp xp {x~[l R[ Yz Rx n cp Yl vpn vp~Y Rx n Rp rn|x Rrf ~zt nM|px. ~vy Rl [Ktn rn|{zf [x f y[  p p[l y[{zp rp rY x{x, yy o{px {p~YK, K y[ R t p{p y[{zp rppp n Y}x y[p n R { [pp, ~p  ny{p[ nM|p n Yx{p lyK  Cn{aYx. y[ lll{xY p[lYvl  t{l YlyK  n xp{ pK Q zYN W~ Wxf ~v Y  [x rn|xY n pl.
lz ry Y} y~xp ~v[K Slv tz{l Rx {p Rly vo v[p Yyp rayx n Slv {x. Wx ~vc U{y.  vx{. { R~{p zt[vf v rvj [lp Yyp {rYxp Yz [xp t ~ x[p zu Urv Yy[p Rl. Yh ShK {[ Yyp t Rx Y} xn{K ~q zt[l jx [{ [vf p{ {~yYf ~x   Yy [K rvjx n Sl Sx.
Q zY{ A Rp n UlKx. v Rpv Rp[l zYx Sf AK {~lY lll{x Q zY{f x. Rl ` U{y p[p Spx{p rhK S[p [p S [vp v[ ly [K {[v Rrf Rl. Wxf v Yzx vxx. Yzx rj Rl. t {np W~x. Yz Rxl
Rvy~ Yh[zRy
SpxN Rp rn|x ~f

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x Yz yox rx

xY f f {l n X~{[p rj Wr x {p [pp ~p Rr yG Rv Rv{p xY Yvf [pp YpY [p pp{l R~ppf pztp t{f ~YxY pl. Rr yG Yv {ll ~vy yf{z xp Rv RvN Y v yol{ r K Yv Urx. tH zz U~~[p p p [p Y [~p Spp{f {h vx r~ YvxY t{ vlY Yzrp Yl Xtf n ` xp Rl.
xp Rv RvN Yp yox r Yyp yfY z~ U[ph{ tv r~no x. A xfl l ~vx nY{ [ RlxYf K ~K pYK xp t. U[ph cYxY 2005 {~M U[ph cpr xN v~N Srf  xY Y nvp ~x cpr yox z{fv rpx. K rn[zxv p xl {yY cprlv Srf  xY Y nvp t{f rY| Yy J. A cpr{yx ~N{ {yfl cp{yvY Szzvf ~pK {p vl  x.
Rxvl ~yxY xY Yz K Yypp xp {Hf yox rp WY vv R{Mxxpv Yyp{. WY xY Yz KYf to Yypp vf t {jl x rnpY  Rv RvNv Yz pp vv nryY lpp p. xx K rn[zx r~nx r{~ Rl.
yox r K  Rp[vpx Yyp Sryv alxY z~ U[phN rppp ~p p{p K xp Yv Wyf r{lrl{z vz rf{fv xvf lyK tz{l {{l xp Yv Rr yG W{p Yv lyK ~yz ~pny nxY p{p t{ n RvlY pY xl x.
p}

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y~xp RjhYy{yxY {zpfxpf {f t

n{l hx {h px Rl `v x. l[ t[ [p ~rr ~{x xnp rK{lp zYx Ylpl p p nppf r{p. Wl y~xN v~YN p{yf zfM 600Y rvj Rp tp tz[yH rplx RjhYy{yx[ yjx rK{lpf WlyK ~tx pN. A rK{lp[ p ~vyK p{lzp R{Y Yl vf X RyRp ~ x.
K YKv Y {h pxY {[ rpjf K n{~ ~{p pxY ~vyK rn[zxp[ RolY rvf l{Y. |}xpv Rorpx ztp ny{p[. X[ vlx Yyxf rj Rll W~ x.
rplx ~xv RorY  ~~YY vo~mp{z {zpfxp p ~vyK R{z[ Yy vfl y ~vc|z Rx rty{ 14 {p{p ~z~K Yy R ~x |} {h~fp R{z[ Yy nvp z~ Szz ~vfl RjhYy{yx n{yY ~l pl. rK{lp[ px ~vv p p lYyv {rY vj{yY [p tp Rlyv l{l r~Y K px R~ z~ x [vf n Yzxz tz. v{ pqYf vz ryp {zpfxp px ~vyppf Ul~{ r{lv ~ A{ np R~p ny{pf {y rzwvY zt np t{ xp rpl RjhYy{yx lvp[ yjx l{ l{l ~oyYyjx Yy J. q ry {rx xl x[xY v{ Yf{l {hY p pxY ~vyppf Yzx p~ Yy v {hY R nxY Yyppf R Yzx Rh Yy [vY z~ n RjhYy{yx r{~ Rl.
{zpfxp p ~vyv {Mcpx vf tzr Rll K xp tyrl l rvjYv pN. {zpfxp p ~vyv tfy Ru~x zt{Y v n K yol{ rfr~ R l{. tfy cYxp[ ~Yy [ ~l{z Rz [z {l v Ylv lv ~~Yxf [rpp p t{ Rvl{p ~qp Y xl nxY p{p t{ n rpl RjhYy{yx rprpv r{~ Rl.
rK{lf ~x rK{xf y~ vzY vf l[[Y vf xfv {p Yyj n{~Y R{| p t{f K Yzx  ~zt{ R~ppf ztp Yl{f l{l lz{Y vf y~xN K p{ Rn~ Rl{zY n ~rxp Rl. lv {p{p p{jl lvp[ Urppx  Yyp ~vyK{zf yno v [p {zpfxp ~ y~x{ ~v[ Yr {ppf n Sh pl{ pN.
p}

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f R{ynnYv yYK [x RD RKv

cpvf {h rynn zY t{ x Rll Yff Wp rzxf pN. A ~v ~yYvf ry { YpY Y{{l Sp |v xppf ~lpp pl. {~y 20Yfl {h o ~y vyYK ~ Yf 18 {~yY RjhN tK n ~f 84  [xp cY Ypl{Y p{ll ~yYvY ~q rz~ RlRh[{f rl  Rl. z [~ xp Rp{Mm pvxp Rryo zYx r~no{ ~p Rx [xp rz~ rl vzpv ~x pv ~fp Yy [p Rll 1950  x.
{~p xy 55Y ~yYK K {ynf v{y RlRh[{f rl  R K Ypl{[ xv pv z~ rz~ rl ~fp {pp [~zz tpM xp{px. Rxv r{~p r ~`{ R Ruyj ~x [K |} x{Y Rxf J. R[ K ~y S{ {x~l ~v[ {vY  ~v fY RhvY ~  p t{ r{~p [xp rz~x r{~pp Rx [xp Rryo nN ~|} alxY t{ x.
p}

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~yM xYl{x rxxy rY{f tzrx

Ypl{p Rly tz rY |}xY {p rxxy rY (Breast Cancer) R v ~q rop {|xpv |Y x{zp[v ~{p ~ {p~K yf{p l{p t{ vlY  ~ Yyp zn rY}jxp[p   Rl. ~vpxp ~mp [p R|l{ R{p ~z Y v v[p vv rY Rv ~{p Rly, ~p {xf rlK  {l X~r K x{zx  vpv [Mu R{~mN  vv rxxy rY RK x{ Sl S vGfvY r{p t{ vv rY}j v[p ppfvl l{y Yy[p Rl. ~xY {xf rlvl ~v[p ~mp [p ~z{z xYl{x {{p Rly W R xY ~z RlK f R~vp z~ {Mopx v rxxy rY RK vzY R{~m{ z~ pfvl p[p Rl. RlK f vv ~z{z R xY ~{u{x l{p ~z l r{p .Wp.A.  ~vp ~{yrx n Y l{pf rlK ShYh Sl S vGfvY r{p t{f n ~oY z R Rly vv Y { .Wp.A. l r{p cpxp v[p S ryKry{p lfn vv rxxy rY lll{xp ~Kr}jx x  t{ Rp{yjx  Rl. ~vpxp vv rY lll{xp X~r K R{~mN ~p l tz{ x p Rly Wx { {|xpv [Mu R{~m{f rl vl ~v[p rflf rjx. vxf l{ pK [Mu ~vx  ~mp [p { {|xp {Mopx K  Y { ~zxp n |z rvjxp R vx. RlK f vv lll{x vyY rY lll{xY {p Rly Yzx p [v lp vv vyYl{x v[y [l  t{ |}exp[ vlx  Rl. vv p{ Roxpxp ~v[p ~xY X~r vp r~, ~mp [pm rY}j ~xpxYf xv K R{|l{Y p p vl  r{p Rly pfvl zYx yf{z t rvjxY ~mp [p rY}j ~xpxp xl K {hYfxl ~pK Yyp ~.
rl op}Y