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[yYK rtq [yyYK np lx{px vx r~z

p n v{ppfl R n Rlynp Yyppfl  B  YGf YGf {M[x vply tzx [p Rr R~ Rllv. f ~x{~ rxYf ry vplyYy{p z{ Rrtz tzN[xY x. W[zplx, RvY{, Spx{ R yf{z rvjY p{ z{ ry t yf{z ~~Yp R[xY z~ X{p px Y. z{ xj{l ~v[ R { o {p~K ~v[ Rn {p f vply  vplyYy{p [p tlyxY WlyK |{~xY p {{l,  rfM[ [{G~ vply r~z vp {p ~t zYx vply r~z lx{px J! K ~q ycx Rp[x n zt  Rl.
lx{px }x{p [lx {~xp Rlx ~fv vply rtq vp pvp xl {pp {. vx |zrx pv lv Rl ryry {l U[pv ~q rx{p [lx {xp vply r~z Ryw J.
lxzplx {l {p ~KrxY [l 14 Rlp WYY z~ rx{p [lx px Y. p cYxp |z {|xp lxzplx r vf {~y n~ [jpYf ry ~fv X{ lxzplx {l {.
rxvp cpx[ l{z ~|} R[xY vply-[yYK ~q  x. K tzxp v[p y[ rh ~{Yy, ~p RlYy tzN[xp[p RyY} Yyp t{f X{p l  |{~xY r{.
ry {~xp[ l [hp[ tj nhxK xv, [lp Yfxl Ryv R xYyYK {f x.
S~~y Yz Rr [lx Rxf |z {h Yf~Y r{z tj. nhxK xv rfp [vf Yzp, {[ v RyK  {[v YpY[ vyjxY  vxYyxpf Yypp |z {h Yf~Y r{z tj.
~x vx ~Krxp Sxf RyY} Yy [K Ryvp K vx r~z Ryvf ry[ { { x-{ r{~~x x. X[ v{ [Y vplyYxY z~ rYf{ ~ Rx.
f Rh~x{~Yf rmvxp rx{p }lx l vply Yfxl{z yl {ppp 100Yf RY r~Y ~f Rl. pvl lxzplx l |]xp ~x R[v {rl vl ~v[ Wv ~Krxp {q  [~ Rl. p lx{p [lxf ~pp vplyYy{p 20Y rvj {p ~ r~. f {~y [jp{Y ~fv vply r~z RyK Rn~ {p vl[ ~l f[p tj n Tf R{| vzvx r~YK ~rx [v [f{Y{ t. pvl lxzpl ycx ~{n| Yfxl rtq Y{p~zx v[p A ~q R{| vzvx Ryvnz ~rxvf x Yy Rl.
Rp Ry vv vply r~z |}{p 10Y rvj ~. X{ vplyYxp K |~lx RYyf S[pK yl {. rx{p {~xp {ryv {~p rpvp rn|x vv r~z r{l{p Rly K r~z |}{ ~xzzv r {x~ R{y 30-35l Rly [x x.
X{p S[p [pp rhK Rlyf, vply Yfxl ~q nxp[ UnN zt [pp Y~ n, v[x p v[ ~pNnpx Yypp Y~ n R {|xp {p rhK vz{Y RplM[l x.
vf p {x~ 51x. v[ nvrx vply |~lx [p qf npp{. vfl AY S[p [pp BYv tjl r~z xv { plp Yfxl Yypp tj ~ X{p x xvf ry vf vply |~lx X{p[p S[p [pp t {j. WY |}{Y r{~ ~x x.
~xYyjxl ~v[ R[Y S[pK{zf xv { ~ lv [lx |zr S[vf p { t{ v ~p l{l |}{Y r{~ ~x x.
vv r~z ~p [y{yp {x~ R{y 7-80l Rly r~{p ~x pv Sxf K Ryvj R {xp x. vply v[p  Y {M[ v[p vplyYy{pf rfl zYx ~v[ ~Ktpo v r~ Yy{x. ~v |} R{~m{Y ~qv {p { o vply Rl. q R~{ppY {p{p x vf  v{p ~v[ [pnp vf {|xp { o vply Rl. vv vply r~zf Rll v ~q lvp vplyYy{p[p r{l WppY v R{Mx zY}jxY N.
rx{p vplYy{p[ ~Krxp Y [v ~q {p ropv [f{  Rll A{ vlY Yz zl{ zx lt pv vx. Wv vply  Yvxl vlY Yz {prl Yy vlY lt [. pvl p A{ zZp[l K Yfxl n Ryw J.
Y~ pvl Sx  rx{p{p[ vply t rxcp{l {p R t{ v{p[ Rn~x. Rll pll  sz rxcpx Y~ {ll {q xp ~KrxY Rp[lx {p{p ~yY}jx Yy lv {.
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~{ Y p tYx R~np rz{p v[ ~x[l yxp npf y~xp n ptz l[x

v{y y~xp n{ ~q rpvp ptz l[x p [vf ~vl {x {pYlyvp yv}jp, lv~ ~fG~  Rh xpl xp ne lpYGf{x. z{ lpYpY r yf{z lpY xcpx Yyp v{p WY{ ~ ~z rz~vx l R rp ~~z}jx ~q R{| yxtxzxY RKzx (RNA) Rh[ ~Mj rnox (Ribosome) rtq{ ~ Y ~x [K l{p X{pf vv l[x   Rl.
rn[zx[ [ zY}j [l cp Ylx {x [hp[v vzY rMmxp {p rp t{f r{Mlpx Yypp yxt~vx (Ribosome) v[. RlK R{~m{z  ~vy r{Y X}o ~yy Yy tzprp R{~m Rl. ~yy l {Mopx  R RlK tYx{p vv r{Yxpf Xyll np r [h[~ Rl. Wv tYx{pf Xyll np X}o rnv ~q vv ~x[v vl ~ S{z {p Rl.
vv p{ lY}jx xfl rn{p X}o, tYx ~z l R rp rn{p Yf~ xYl{x Rhrj Yy Wv tYx{p Rhrj Yyx. ~hpx ycx n RYhx v[p r{l{ vo ~YDb{Y  vv vrY ~x[v ~ Y nexp np p{p ztN vlY ~{ Y p{ t tYx R~np ~q rxK ~K ~fp yxp z~ x.
vv ~x [v ~q xY { vaMx yv}jp W[zplx y~xp n {n rMx}j Y{p~zx xcpx Yyx. vaMx ~fG~ RvYN ~z |{nzx xcpx Yyp Rly vaMx xpl T|xzx ~vp nxlpx ~vYx. ptz l[x ~q ztp |z vnz K np Rly ~vp{ t xvf xl x.
yt~vx l R |z vpv ~Mj y~xpY ~z~v ~x Roxpxp v[p  v {p{p X{p K {p f zYxv [y{xf rl  ~. |}g nexp z~ v{p z{ tvp zt R Rly X{p[ p{ ~x[v y~xp n }lx vpv {n nN n p{ YhSvY ~fp Yyp Rl.
z vnz[