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vo z v ~ z v

1981  {xp r{lrl RyKuxl ~v[ r{lrl n~f tzrK ~ x. W r{lrl {hl SYvp cprx {x W { ~{pl{x ~ v x. W rop YMl{yx {x n WHvpH yj~ vl x.
vv r{lrl RyKu Yyp f R~N cz {McYxp l~ n~Y ~x x yl{ x. X{pf {McYxp xx ~v r{lrlY W N pl. X{p{ p{x ~{x y[x r~Y z~ x. {xp rmv {yf cz {McYxp l~ n~Y[ Cn{aYx xp{p X{p[ r|px Srl Y x.
W {hl rtz{ {xpf ry [~N R[v{yx z~ ~ RM. rv~ vl x. X[ tzrvf F.RM. cx{Mop vlf n Rl p x. A ~v {yY ycx tzrv xfl X{p[ RoY}{yxY Urz r{lrl Rxlpxf rl Y x.

yfY vo n~ Wyf rclpl{nx YxlyK x vp KvY t{f rl  J. zYx t yf{z vo n~ RyY} {p Rly l{l yf{z Tf |z tzrK Wzz {p lll{xY J. K Rly RlK yf{z voNp ]lpx Yyp, X{p{ M nvp Wvpv {pl tzrK Yyp lll{xp nppf Rl.
r~[x  W[zplx r{ YKYy rY}x ~KKzpxY  W ~v v zYK f {Hz ~p rlx Sy ~ Y x. X W  rY| Y vMhD[ rl Rrf ~v {hY p. A{ Rrf R{| p... xp{. Wxf l {x Wv ~KKzpx r{ px Yl Y ~p r{lrl ~{~ vjx rop |M} rgx {x ztM rY}x ~v[ t ~KtpoYK Rl t{ vx. Wv rop zrxp ztM rY}x Yfxl Sl  z~ Napx Yy t.
~ rf l{l ~ rf Yyp ryp{ rf {~y 12Yf ry tzxf r ztM rY}x r~[x {~y 12 l xYl{x p qfv rz x. R{y 12f ry lpx {p~Y R{| xx xp k. W tj tvY ~ x{p ycx. Rn p{l lpx Rll n Wlpx. v~ Wv zrxp  z~ ycx ~ ztM rY}x Napx Yy t. Wxf rj f {Hz Wv rl rfrlY ~KKzpxf rp{ ~x YlN  Sy ~ Y x.
r~ p ~p r{lrl Tf {h  z~ ycx ~ ztM rY}x Napx Yy t. A Rly 23000 l r{ cpvlxY rszxY n W rYy tj ryxY z~ x.
W ~qp {x Yp~NN rY}x ~xxf 59Y n, ztM rY}x ~xxf 21Y n ztyz vYY rY}x ~xxf 9Y n RpY rY} ~xxf 11Y n {|xp Wv cpvlx  zt [l t{.
p ~p r{lrl ztM rY}xf pl. Wx Ypv UnN Yypp Yp~NN rY}xf x. A t{ Ypv rY| Yyp Rl. n~ zY} lpY pYf Rz {p ~p r{lrlf rgYxp n~zY} 10Y rvj Rl.
A W[zplx vo n~x. vv Yyj ~xzz ~qp Y W[zplx vo n~ rtq{ R{toxY zt [vf x. v~ YxlyK ycx ~ ztM rY}x Napx Yl W YMl{y vy nvpp pl. X{pf ~v tzrvY pl. W Yy{pf n X{p[ {pl {ry{zf n tzrvY pl. X{p n~ ~x Yfxl Yy[p xp Rl. X{pf R{| n~ Wz~v r{x. A W[zplx lll{xx.
RvY{ ~ xyrx n Wv n~ r{x. Wvpv W{ l{l yf{z J. pvl vxf Xyll pnp pxYxp ~p yf{z Napx Yyp r{lrl{zf ~ voNpf  nk{K p vpv vy v R{~m Wvf x. A{ Wp WY v ~qp Y xl pl. Rr Y{yl Wv lll{x xK lyvYf  p{l{ Rlx vv |{~ Yy.
Q zYN r{lrl n~f Rll WlyK ~{xY lll{xY pN. {p {y Tf Wzz { lMcp [Mcp vpv tzrK Wvf x. Rr A S~x [p Rn vp v {x. A vpn Rn Rll n Tf ~vp  Tfl {h tzrv.
Q zY{ n~p r~{ rlYzN x[ lpY vv n. rv x[x 1940 n|Yxx. A |}xp .R~. ~ppxY R[vlv[ rzpxf xfl { ~vxx. Wx ~{Mjvx ~vxY z~ px x. r{lrl Yl{y vpv RxYy{pf Bpv nxY Napx Yyppfl ry [ppfl R{~m{Y t. Bpv Yfp lxY r Yyppf n x{ t. W pxYx A{ Slv ~lp uY pn x.
Sl rYf Yfp |zrxY { RM. F~v vl {yY ~KvpljxY  rY| Y W ~ pxYx X{p[ YfpxY r Y f Wv Yfp |zrxf Yl Yf ~l Yyp lll{xY tj t{x. pvl Wx |z ryxY Wzz Yyp WYY x  t{ n X N x. W F~v vl n rz Yyppf Ul~ Y W vp Wv Ur~x q[ppf {lvp pxYxpf t t{.
n{ x[x z~ vv npp G n|Yxx. Wx t{fv hHz ~ppxY vl[ tzx r{ Yzxx. Wx n Slv q lll{xY r{ ~vxY z~ px x.
K x[x Rll pv Yx~G rY}x rlx n r x. Wx Sl  z~ hHz ~ppxY vl Napx Y x. pvl Xf A ~xzz qny [l  lll{xY t.
n [H X rat xp{p |M} rgxY n Rll r{lrl W r Yyp hHz ~ppxY vl Napx Y x. Rll Yl{x W Sl rtz RxY x. Wv[p Sl  z~ Xf Nap Wzz x. Wvpv W ~ l{l pxYxp n Napx Yy. ~M cp Ylz{z vl W{pp. X{ Napx Y pxY  Wv voNx ~x {~f [p{ ucp ~[xY r{l{ A [p X[ vlx Sl ~n{ rz Yyp lll{xY tj t{ ry voN rY| Yy. W{ WY WY pxYx rtq{ v ~qp Y pY. pvl W{ l{l pxYx ~ t{ rvjY v ~qp Yy.
lp{ x[x z~ v ~qp Yypp 1970p r~ x[xx. v WlyK ~txY lll{xY pl. r{lrl Rxlp{zf vpv r{lrl Yy{pf r{lrl Yl{ypf tzrK vpv lMcp Rv Rywj vlp ~f x.
v  ~qp Y xl Sl {n[l nxY J. Rll r{lrl Yx~G rY}x r{lrl vpv ~v~vc rY}x r Y cpp r{lrl n rrl  pxYx Napx Yl X{p{ Napx v ~~N pl. X{pf vo n~ { Yy x. Wnl Rnl Wv vo n~ ~zYpp lyp z~ x. Wx Q zY{f vpv zYxf n r xx vv |{~ Yy.
K ~v 1970 tzxf r lp {z ycxf zY{~ Rxlpx { Yy vp x. {K pxYx Wx Sl  z~ Napx Y x. W R{~p rszx {x ~v{ tjhypxY vlx zY{~ Rxlpx ycxf r{y [vx.
vo n~f Wzz { Sl rtz ryxY z~ vv Wx n. Wx Y~{l {y Yy[l p W Y n|rzp {ynY z~ np r[|z pxYx Rnfl ~. ~v{ tjhypxY vlx Wlp ply {x pl. W t l{l rtz r{lrl Rxlpx n{~ r{lrl Rxlpx. Wv Rxlpxf vj Yh~ Yl v ~v Y x. Wxf rtz{ ry Wzz Y x. R{~px Tf R ~z lt{ x. n{~ r{lrl Rxlpx ~xv r{lrl Yl v Wlp ply x. p{l n{~ Rywj 1977  Wv ycx ~ x S{l vp r~{ x.
F.RM. cx{Mop vl xfl vz x[x r{lrl n~ RyY} x. zY{~ Rxlpx ycx {{l Wx Slv ~{p{ r{l{[p [x t{ rz x.
W ~ur{yx {x RM. tp[h vl x. X zY{~ Rxlpx ycxf r{y [llxp r~{ rl { qv ~ur{yx z~ Rnl W ~{Yx r[. zY{~ Rxlpx ycxf r{y [n Tf yox rY| Yyp ~{xp S{l{ [x WHvpH yj~ vl {xp r{lrl rop YMl{yx xf rl {x x. W pj r{lrl Rzx WYzY} l~n~ SYv { t{ {Ml x. r{lrl n~ [p Bpv RxYf ~l [ppf Wx qfv rvj{l x.
1981  {xp r{lrl RyKuxl ~v[ r{lrl n~f tzrK ~ x. W r{lrl {hl SYvp cprx {x W { ~{pl{x ~ v x. W rop YMl{yx {x n WHvpH yj~ vl x.
vv r{lrl RyKu Yyp f R~N cz {McYxp l~ n~Y ~x x yl{ x. X{pf {McYxp xx ~v r{lrlY W N pl. X{p{ p{x ~{x y[x r~Y z~ x. {xp rmv {yf cz {McYxp l~ n~Y[ Cn{aYx xp{p X{p[ r|px Srl Y x.
W {hl rtz{ {xpf ry [~N R[v{yx z~ ~ RM. rv~ vl x. X[ tzrvf F.RM. cx{Mop vlf n Rl p x. A ~v {yY ycx tzrv xfl X{p[ RoY}{yxY Urz r{lrl Rxlpxf rl Y x.
W Wv rlv ycx ~{YxY xf zt [ll {lvp Rv{yxY {p ~yl Rvj[v vlx. X vo Rp[l voxf RK Y tnvl yc zoxY { xp W {xpf [f{Y {x pl. X {p{f {pl zoxY rl {{ pK W |z [f{Y R{ppf t. v[ vlYx xf X Rxlpxf rx WY p. W{Yf v {xp r{lrl r{l YMl{yx x. A ~v vf {hl X {n[l x. pvl X[ x Yzrx [p Wnl Rnl v Yl Yypp Sl r~~vp x. A lyvfv X ~n{ Yfxl Y x.
RM. rv~ vl[ x[x Slv r|pY x. zY{~ Rxlpx vzpv n|rzYyjx {x Wlp ~f x. Wvpv voNpf rtz ry X[p Wzz x. WHvpH yj~ vl[ {~f tKt ryxY Wzz {x x. X[ lx W Jyj Slv {~p{pl z~ x. Wvpv yl F{Mop vlf vpv WHvpH yj~ vlf n r~no NY{z pv ~qp Yyp ry Wzz Y x.
voNp ]lpx x. K {p f l{ l{l ~op{z ]lp ~{p x[xY x. n|r cpl {ryx xp{p cpl vY ryvj rllp xlvY  t. X{p n r{lrl tp {p [ ltN x. X{p ycx r{lrl [ ltn yc ~op v[p {pl r{lrl [ lj. YzYy{p vpv voNp n ]lpx x. v{ Sl Ry x[xY W t.
X[ ]lpxp r~{ tzxf rl .. Fl[ vl[ ~vx Sl |}f x[xY x. voxf ~KrMj n~ xl U x. Wl WY~l cY rY}x cprxl{x pp p x{p t. voxf vpv n|rzpxf n n~ {l x.
{xp Rxlpxf .RM. F{Mop v{lp ShvY pp n K ~vx x. X{p W W vj xplxY ~ vf [hp[zzY lp xpl ~ vn RywN x. K ~v 1994 R~ppx r{ nYj rl ~u v{yjx  {xp UnN Y WY~l cY rY}xf x. rycx r r W~ v ~ {xp cprxl{x n pl{ [x x.
R{~px v v{yjx Wcrx rycx {x x. R{~px 1994 cpr{yjx n rycx {x x. apY tjhypxY vlx cprx xf {yK pp x.
K Yzx vo n~ RyY} v ~q n~ vo {ryx n Ry t. W vo n~ {p{p X{p rtz kY p[N x.
apY tjhypxY vlx tzxf rl vp r~{ {xpf .RM. F{Mop v{lp zt p Shvf {ly, zx v ply Y x. A ~v W vj xpl ~ v ply x. R{~px Wx Rly vN x. apY tjhypxY vlx {xp rlxp r[ll Wz~p x.
K x[x r{lrl{zf ~txY lll{xY{ pt. |z ry Wzz {x {xp r{lrlf x. W R[ YpG y~ Wxf xv rtq{ n anp tj x. W {yn Ypv r{yN {lvp cpr vpn ycrY} vlf x. Xf rfM xp pvY n W rftq tj A ~ x.
apY tjhypxY vlx[ cpvo zYK{yx z~ ~pl [jzY vl r~{ rl {x x. K {p f fJzxH r{lrl y|xY . A{ {p {y cprxf ~ vo zYK{yxf anp Wzz Y x. pvl rv~ vl[ x[x n fJzxH r{lrl |z rvjxY r { {Y{p{Y z~ ~qp Y  x. Wxp r~{ xK rvjxYf fJzxH r{lrl apY tjhypxY vlx[ x[x n r x. pvl Rn W{ppY Rllv p lll{xY r{x.
voNp [p{ anp K apY tjhypxY vlx Rp ~ x. A x[x voNpf ry Wzz x. {~{zf ry Wzz x. v  ~qp Y  voNp nnpY ~. WY RxY {pp ~pH zhM YMl z~pl Yvl[ vl x. SYtz Rl~ vl RpY voNx x. Wvpv ]lp rxY ~ x. ~fp YMl{yx vy vN K x[x x. Wvpv l{l voNxY n x.
K Rly r{ v v{yjxY  yz Yv~ vlf ycxY rf{ [ppf r{p x. A {~y nYYf x. yz Yv~ vl W R[v{yx {.
vv {~y nY l vox xrlf rx{y rxY [p. Wx ~ {x X[ pxYl{x xfl x.
1994  YMl ~~nx rf{ [ll voNp[ RyY}{ ~ vo n~ {p{. W apY ycx xfl YMl{y r~ npYf yno{ ~ry Rryo x xfl ph r{y t.
~ry Rryo x {~y ~xxYfl {h ry, zYx t yf{zp W{Yf S{l Yyj xY x. S[~p W Wv x zYN xlvY Y X{p[ RyY}{f x. Wxp {p {y xK xK pxYxp rxcp [p tjl Wx {hl rtz{ rxcp [ll apY tjhypxY vlxx. Tf yno{ rtz kY YMl ~~nx p[N x. K ~v[ YMl ~~nx l{l xcp rxY Srl Y x.
r{lrl{zf r{p rMzKpl {yr~n n U~x r{p {yr~n n n~ r{l zt [v ~q { rplY ~ ~ry Rr~ x S{l v xp xcp Tf Rll x.
K Rly r{lrl vjhzx {p{f ~{p Y~vY xcp Y x.
vv xcp rMzKplN vpv {pl ropf Srl Yyp A{ xlvY vf xcp Yl Tf ~xY ztj yz Yv~ vl[p rv.
X ~ry Rr~ x S{l Y x. ~{p Y~v rf{ [vf R{~m{ U x. Wvpv n~ r{l zt [vf  {p Rxp rpl Srl vf n X WY` {x x. X[ ycx xfl vox Rvl|x r{x Sl Y Yz. Wx apY tjhypxY vlx xl r{y [ll x. A {p f Wv rpl  R|x t. A ~ Wx xlvY Yy [vf p x.
Rn xl r{lrl vjhzx xlvY vf {lvp ycx Ul~ nyx. A Rx? ~{pl{x R{| plx xp r{hx W {x. Wvpv p{ rpl xfl xK r{lY r {{l W vz| zt [l Rx[ pK [K  Y xl t{ ~qp {p t{ {Ml N.
apY tjhypxY vlx n Y|p rplY W Srl Y x. A ~xv Y|p{zf tzrvY Wzz vf x. Rn r{lrl vjhz rpl [p Yl Yyx. K ~xzzpv xpp r{lrl vpv nl voxf tzrK Wzz {p t{ x. Rx n~ voxf x? vzY r|px vxx. pvl R{Y pK voxf Y  nxY pl. x {pp  Yyp{f x {p t n R ~ x. vxp p[p Slv rz nx Wx x. W~ p YpY voxf x pl.
r{lrl vjhzx K yG rgYxpf n~ RxlpxY pN. ycx xfl r{p ycx ~p ~ur{yxY ~ RoY} vjhzxY xfl Wx rzpx {x. rgYxY exY vM[xp Wxf Srl x xl x. Wv rpl rtq{ n [f J.
~{p Y~v rx f rly {|x. r{lrl vjhz r{ t ~{p ycxp v{ r{lrl rz Y}p{zf Sh  J. v Bpv RxYf n~ Bpv rzzY Srl Yy ~{p rlyY tzryll x x.
r{lrl vjhzx p{l R{| pK Y xll ~{p rz Y~v {p{f Wx rl v p{x. r{lrl ~ voNp[ r~YK ~ Bp WrYK ~q RxlpxY rfvx. v npp lyvf {lx rl YzN ~[vx YzxY rfp voNpf |v {frY Szz ~x. W{ r~YK ~z~v Slv xrl x.
A Y~ {ll Rn ~  Rll W zYK{yx n Rtl v x. Wvpv K x[ ~xzzfv {h tyrl z~ voNp ~Y yf y [~ Rll K x[x x. vl W{pp. voNp Y~ {ll cY r{lrlY Sl rtz Yl{yxY ]lpx {x K {~M x. Wvpv W{ ry ~Y Wzz {x K Tx rM lyK x.
{yY v r{lrlYf p ~KvZ ~YDb{Y n {y z~ lyK [l voN ~. pt yYmpxp vf Yl Y Sl rtz voNxY N Urz vo n~ xp{ xz Rn yff xpp t{ Spp YpY pn? xzx. X W~ N YMl ~~nx ~ur{yx xf v r{lrlYf r{~ Yl{Y ~ [p{p x. Wx v r{~N 2008 {M}x x xl x. A {lvp ycx vz x[x x xl x. W Rn { lll{xY ptj xx vv |{~ Yy. pvl Wnl v rY| Y tp{vx x p{x. v n~ ` Ypp p t{x. tp n~p rxcp [p Yfxl Yyp{ x x. vxp n~Y R t{Y `p{x vv |{~ pYy. pvl t{ Rn pK W{ppY{l rY| Y p t{ vv |{~ Yy.
Rn vo n~f ~  Rll YvY n?
tzx ~p Bpv RxYf n~ tp t{ rY| Y  x. ~v tzrvY  r|pxY p t{ rY| Y  x. Rllfv ~  Rll YvY n?
YMl{yxY vy nv Rl. l{l Rxf Sl rtz ry Wzz Yy Rl. l{l Rxf W{v {pl tzrK Yy Rl. W{ ~v nxY pYf W{ppY x  t{f Rply `x x. A ~ ~xv np x  ~v rvxY pN. W{ {l{yjxY xfl voxf ~ {pp YvY n? vo z v SJfv ~ {p Rl. Wx n~f to{Y n? pnn? p p[x xl r|px Wxx.
Urz lppYp