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~~YY tzopf cpr n Yrx

vz y{| [p cprf Rv r~Y[p rzzY
cY vl~{x cY [xx cY Yxx nYv RvlY Yyz - cpr

~p~y vy{ rtq{ n|rzpexp l Rxl xY f[p . r~no n{expf r~[x p rx {hl YMxtz {x K n|rzYxp lyv lvp[ Ypny tzvf Yyny v l{. nYj {~p RlK n{expf n|rzYxp[ {~{zf xvf n R{~m rxYv ~{ . ~p~y vy{p pyY Yz n~{Y RrY} Yyp n|rzYxpf Wxf R {l{l vf n n{e Urn~ z .
cpr vpn ycrY} vl .Wp.A. vp{y ~v[ |} v{Y r~[x ~ r{lx. A v{ n|rzp zYx t npY Rly Yltf zY x. cprlv WpA Rx{l p [ A WY r~Y[ vlx x. WpA Rx{ K Rjh{f Ryp {hY p l{l r~Y W~ r{~ t. Y~ {{ n vN  t  rtn{ ~YDb{f tp x. WpA vp{y rMzKpl {h R{| t{ W  cpr{yxf r{~ . Wl Wxf |l rlyY cpr{yx zt  p. Wxp ~vYf rl p{j n WpA vp{y ~yj[l Yq{y tzv ~q n cpr{yx[p R{~y Szz ~x.
AY RyY}Y Rvl|x {hY. 1971  cr lyjx yq{z fr Yq{y tzpp [x WYv vp{yx vvx. vv [xf r~~ ~~ Rxfl A Yq{y{zf xpp pp p. A ~ A rtq{l |l yjxY zt npp {pp Sx . cpr{yx N x. v{ Yyj rxYv ~YDb{f tp {{ n nrM|{x Rly ~rz WY`l{Y R { t{ rpppf p. y nYYf rvj R~pp YzxY r{ ~YDb R{~p vp r~{ cpr ycrY} vlf ~l Y WpA vp{y Ryzx[ vpyxp rf{ [x. A {p fl Rjh rY} vp YjhxK ~v Ryzx[ vpyx {pl |z{Y r{l{p . WpA vp{yp[ ~YDb{ l{p Rjh rY} vp YjhxK ~vf cpr{yxf ~u[ vf ~ {x rx WYvyY rvj rvnxp r~{x. cpr{yx Rjh rY} vp YjhxK ~vf r [~ WpA vp{yp[ {h rtq{ vp Yjhxv p{l Y x.
rMzKpl vp YpYf {h [pp r{p Yyj nYYfx. WYY lvx ~Zvx Yyj. n{pp lvx n|[l vY  ~ {p rvnxY . K nYv {jl [p [fv Yf{l zt npp p. A ~ ~{z[K  [Fpp xp vp{yp[ {h [p Yl v v lyvY p {hY. vp Fylp Rvl{yx N x.
ruYyp vypp Gf{ K[zz n|{z tyrl xf pxY ray [p [x. zY Rjh{ vp{ YK Yhp{ xz n| vlK R Yypp {. vN M pvx r Yypp {. Rr Rjh{ rY}[ xz pxY xp rpppp {. K[zz p yf Rxl Yypp |l{v ~yj[l Yq{y{z Spp Rx [p p r|p np WYx. Rr KYf ynox. rMzKplN  Rr KYf yox rpp Bp. Rjh rY} vp{y [jp{Yv cpr{yxf rp{ p.
YK yox rz {hY p. Wv pK Sp A[zz bpnxYf R{l AYpl tlyx rp{pp Bp. cpr{yx ~x Yjhxvf Urn~ np x. v{y vp YjhxK ~K  l{l { R{opxY p[l vlY{Y {x ~  bpn v~vx. v{y ~ xf Wy{ Wcrx ~v cpl vY ryvj n bpnx rD Yyp Rlx Rjh rY} RlK vp{y rM{ [vpxYf rj ~x. A l{p v{y ~  {nx rtq Rjh rY} vp YjhxK { R{opxY xv{ tp t{ rpppf .
cr Rl yno rY}x v{y ~ xf yno{ bpn nx. plpK bpn p Sx. A rtq{ cpr{yx R{oyjx Y x.
K[zz K Yypp RjhN tlyx Rh {j t{ cpl{f rp{ppx. p} [j{Mop Rvl{yx x.
XN Sp AY {p{. {p bpn r Rx yno{ bpn ppv Rr bpn rvjx Rh {p{. AY RllY. AYf Yypp r{p WYv n lvx Rr Rx ~yv [zz ~ xf rY}{ bpn rY| v. cpr{yx r{~x. Rply{ X{ apz 4 ~nx rtq{ ~YDb Y.
K x rfx xf { xz vyjf r~~l YYz nY ~z{p{. Yf k Rpp lyvY {p~ xf. A {[v Rp Rp { ~nnxY lvx z xpp. ~vpxp {zzY z rzzK pp p {jl v  {zz z rzzK rpp xp{. AYpv rp{ K pl z xz. pH p WYp [ll t{ rpp{l KY Ryp xpp zY Yvy WYp. zY Yvy WYp Ry[p lvx K[zz KY r Yyz xpp. K rtq{ Rr zYx p{l Yypp Bp. cpr{yx xcp Y x. ~xzzv Wx Rpvl Y. WpA vp{y ~yj[l Yq{y Y}jx ~q R{~y Szzv rtq{ n cpr{yx ~x vp Yjhxv p{l Y x. zY r{lrl voNp rtq rpp[j ~nx v  ~YDb{f tp x.
zY WY Rx [p xp{ v[ p[z[ nxx {llf. vv [pp lp, Wxf Wp lp x Yyz xp{. W rll YH fr vp~~x K[zzp[ f WYY Ry[p xp{. YH Spp vp~~x[p K[zz Rz xp{ cprlvx, [gux ycrY} vllxx lyv v Wp{ pn xz. zY rllM xpp |az bxyr xp rllyxY. A[zz Rx x Yvy Ryp [p xpp? vlp vo vMnpxY p. RyY}Y R| R r|p ~qp{. cpr{yx N x. Rply{ X{ ~~px[K ~nx rtq{ n M] z~ ~YDb Y.
cY n~ ryvj pxY rMzKpl vp vz y{| vl r~[x p rxY  WY~l cY rY}x ~f Rjh{f ~r Rvl{yp Napx Yyp pxY Rn~ nY{ tp t{ A YjhxK Rvl{y r npYfv Ry  . A rtq{ X{ WYl  |} ~YDb{Y r{l{. W R{~p yjx {x cpr vpn ycrY} vl v  K rtq{ cpr{yx[ R{opx xv vf x. A ~YDb{ ~q Wcrx ~f Rjh{f r Rvl{ypf Nz{ z tj vp YjhxK ~YDb{f r~ pf x. Wp ~YDb{ ~q vYvy ppxYYy, yl ~pylp, tpz [j{Mop, vp Fylp, r. nxylp Rl Rvl{y r~Y Ryzx[ vpyxf [x. X{p{ ~n{ r[l cpr{yx vYYn K r|px xx v~ ~x.
vz Rrf [z pxY lp{z Yl r{l{p{. Rrf Ully npp r{p. pvl WYv RjhN Sq[p AY Yyp WY WlyK q nxY xf pvx Rr npp. A ~ Rr K rtq{ vzpv Xtlv{ p{l Yypp R{. yl ~pylp Rvl{yx r Yyjx rz Yyp N x.
vpr{zf pxY r|p WYv rz{z ll R{p{. nYjl K {p f vpr r|p Ul~pp {z. pvl Rr K r|p  {y z~ R{opx xv Y xlx. vzz plpK Rrf cpr{yjx ppp t. A {[v Xx[zz plpK Rrf Rjh{ [xpp t. K ~ Xx n[zzp[v {pYv p[p lvx vv Yfxl Yypp. vzz Xx[zzp{ Napx Yyp{ pK Xx[zzpfl rclpl{ RxxY xp{ AYf ~ Ully npp. A Yv {jl vv K rtq{ vzf Yl YyppK. cpr{yx W~ xp ~p~j x.
cpr vpn ycrY} vlf cY ~l ~Kvp Uzf rjpp xx Ryop v ~q r~[x  ~~YY Rvl|x S zop r~Y Ryzx[ vpyxf [x. Wl ~~YY Yfxl Rvl|x RlK Yfxl rtq{ cpr{yx ~x lyvY Rvprx. lv vvf r zop f [~v cpr{yxf lp ly R~~j t{Y rpppf .
Xx[zzp[ {h [p Yl Yyz {hY p. cY ~l vl~{x  cY [x [xp Yypp t, cY Yx X~{pp t r~Y lvx K{ Yypp. Yvn vv BYf Wpp? vf vlp  WY r|pxY xp{. lvpz vp xf r~~ pf{l K yG ~loyxpf xp [y{x ~ vf Wlpf xpp {p{. vv A Ul~Nf Wpp A Rxf [y{ Yypp. pl{ lvpz[ Xx XzvGfz {h p p{x. Wlpf vv R{l Yl{Y r{l{pp p. A Rxf v[ [y{x nY{z vv xpp xp{. Ry vjhz, K vjhz xz tjf Xx WY vjhzp{l lw ~lY {hY p. W ~l Ul~{x lvpz xf Yyz xpp xWpr ~vY {[, cY [x cY Yx pl{. cpr{yx A RYyxp ~ r{yn zo ypl{ tz ~x. A zop Ryzx[ vpyxp Yv [x r~ ~x cpr{yx ~x Gf vo lxY  l{l Yl{Y ly x.
r[x n{~Y xWprx p{y Da ~v {zN cY [x pl{ yz Yv~ vllx xz xp{ cY [x {v {npx Yypp xz. pvl A Rxf AY {npx Yy[pp t {z xp{. A {zN yz tz [zz. vv x pK Q zY vl xz vv cY [x xp{ Rl Rxl WYY WYl {z. yz Wv pN{l  A {zN cY [x Szzz  xp{. pvl cY vl~{x cY [xx, cY Yxx nYv RvlY Yyz. cpr{yx Yp[f{p vp x[p [x x.
Rvl .Wz. r~ vl YKF ~y~x r{ RplMcY ~Kvpljxf  vpa~fM  {rY ~v{Yf r~[x  ~u[ x. K ~v{z  apz 4 ~nx rtq{ Rvl{yx rj ~ n|x xlx p{l Y. Rvl{yx[ nlvY rz v R~ ~ t r~Y lvp[ vlx {y v rtq{ Rvl{yxf ~l Y.
nYj rl ~u v{yjx l r~[x ~x Y[l { R{opxY xv {x x. [ ~YYxp ly[ {p rop RrY}Yxp nnpY Rly t vl [fv K {p f rY} c}gxp[ vlvp ~vpx  J. A Rp{ X{p[ RvprYK r{ [~ R t{ n p[ppf Rl.
WY~l cY rY} pxY yz Yv~ vl r~[x ~ Rplx [l Yyp znn [zz  vly rn|{z x. Wcrx nYj rl ~u bpn {ryx RyKu {x r~[x 4 {  ~t v. yz Yv~ vl[ ropl{xp Wv Ul~{x RyKu { Rly Wx r{l{p znn {y RJ{Mop vp{yx[ {~ x. ~~ RllpxY, [xpl YyjzY rvZ nYj rl ~u{ ~q Wcrx xcpx Yyp ~xv RrY}Yx rj ~x. W  yz Yv~ vl {y RJ{Mop vl nYj bpn ~fp {p{p Yyp ztp v{y rtq{ r|~lvY{ Yl Y x.
{y Wly{ nYjf pxYl{x np{. ~vy Yl lyx. Rlxl nYjp rY} unxp ly{ |}f pxYx  {j. ~.hJ.hJ. Yppp[y, hJzN. npxY, aH ryj, Rvy~ h[h { Rx A ~q Uyj z~ Rrf [pp r{p. pvl Rn ~popxp nYjf z xpp y[p |zrxp. KY Slv Yp[fxY lll{xY. Yv~ vl Nx. Ul~{ Yfxl vvp r~{ ryj vly [fty n{zxf [x yz Yv~ vl W R {l{l n ~ Y x. A R{~m{f tnY ryj, ~[z ylpxY Rl r~Y WY{ ~x. Wp vly rn[zY t[z{Y yx [l Y Yv~ vl r~ p Wv t[zNv ~f RrY}Yxp v  |} ~YDb{Y r{l{. A ~YDb{ v vp r~ Yv~ vl Yvp tzvjhzx Rvv ~q UytYYf [x x. A R{~m{f vly ~YYxp rl ~u{f Wcrx xcpx Yyp ly[ {p ~xv RrY}Yx rj ~x. Wp Ul~{x ~q ~~ RllpxY vlf n Ryop Yy tj n Xf Tf ~u[ vf p {x Wpv Yly ~Y rl rzp vp {hv{Y zY}vp Fvpp vl[ ~opxp Yly ~r fzxY r{ t. vv {hv{f rj ~ vp{yp Rvl RllpxY vl S v{yj{z  rY}x rvY R v ~q ~x{ xY vf ~ {p t{ x.
cY v{yj{z  Rr bpn ~KrMjxpv rD {p{. r~[x cY rsz |z}jx  Rrf r [x WY YyjY lvx ~Y Y rvj ~xxf lyY rY bpn r|lxY {Yy[l xl t{. Wx {Yy [l xll Xtlvz vl {zx. AYf {hr{ xcp Yypp lvx Rn Rr vlpf ~ {z Spp. RllpxY vl rz Y x. {hv{ Yp[l {x Wcrx xK {hr{Y ~YDb v ~q x. Wpv ~{~ Wcr xc pxY Yy cx~x, yYvp ~ppxY, [ cxYv rMy xp vl{y vz{l R~[ v pxY{y tvf vp{yf [x. X{p vpxY {y v {x Wcrx p{ ~popx rtq{ Yyj rz vf x. p{ ~popx tno y ~{yrxY ~l WYY t{ vlxY ry [~ . A vlx xK lyvYf  ~vlxYf rl v ~q vz~ Wcrx ~p tno pxYx np Wp vp{yf [~ ~x. vz{l R~[ p nrM|{xv v  R{opx xv Yyp znn yfYf |Yvl rY}xY R{| t{ x.
yfY |Yvl rY}xY xn lvx A yG Rjh{ Yyp {y S~vl Yypp r{p {pp. W  v p{y rp{ p.
Wcr n|rzp vjhzx r~[x t Yy cx~x vl[ ropl{xp ~Yl  ~ x. Wp ~v ~ Uj~vp ly{ v[v ~nl{x R{ R{~p v |} ~nxY x. p{ ~oxY{y [jp{Y[v rlK rtq{ n W  ~YDb {{ n ~{Y[pl Wxf yol{Y R px. ~YDb{ R{~px  Rn~ Y{ [ cxYv rMy vl x ~x Rn [ vy{ Rrf pK Slv q rfx. n|rzp vjhzx Rn ~v [fvY pl{ R{~p {p. KYp r~~ Sxf Wpp Rr q Yz. A ~ Rr KY q RyKuxY Yy [v. xx x x. Wp ~{~u[x r{ Wcr YlY vjhzx  n R~p ~oxY{yp[ p{ rlK rtq{ {nxp ly{v ~Kvl x. v Y[l Yltf zY { {p~Yv {x p{yWx xcpx Yyp ~ MjY yl vlx vp{y ~YYx [z[ny R~pxf rl Yy v x. YzY vlunxf lh  t ylpry ~Y Wcr tzvjhz ~url{xf n lzl RlYyz vlx rl v Wp ~ x. rY}x px rtq{ v  rj ~ Rx[ R{ox xv Yyp znn Wcr pxY yz Yv~ vl x.
p Sxf Rr rY}x px x[pp Bp. px Yh v [p Rrf Sx   xvM[ [pp {p{. Y{yl rn[zY vl xpp xpp Wr. v R{~m{Yv rY}x {p{p r ~pp Bp. Yv~ vl Y{ A Rn~ ~x npv Rpvl Y. Wcr Yyj[z ~Y rMzKpl vp cp~fp rpp vlf Wy{ px rx{yY [vf r~[x  Wcrx Sv r~Y xcp Yy . Wl A {p f Wx nrM|{xv WY`l{p ply Yy R t{ p[ppf J. Wcr r~[x YlY vjhz ~K  cp~fp rpp vp{yx[ ~v rtn{ n pxY np Wcr pxYl{xf Yyj nY{ . ~yvz ycrY} vp{yx ~v[ xK [fvY RYy [vf cp~fp vp{yx Ul~ [l t{Y n Wp rpppf . A rtq{ n rY} pxY{yx r~[x t Yyj Yx.
tzpp r~[x YlY vjhz ~K  c[ ~v Rpvl Yypp t. K ~uN  Bpv YpYf Rn~ rY| Yypp r{p. pvl lMcpx K  ryK t. ryvf ll K Yypp t. KY Rr ~Krx pvx. Yv~ vl N x. A rY|xp r~ Rn~ Y{ cp~fp rpp vp{yx x ~x Wp ~ Yrx l{p lvp A RYyxf ~yj t{ x. Sp r~{ Rn~ Y{ y ~vyy vp{yx x ~x n~ NYN R { r|px n p ~vlxYf rl Yy [l xl t{ x. A r|px rtq{ Yyj nY{p ~p Rlyly p[ ~ W~.. ~pxY vl x ~x n~ NYN ~K rtq{ ~ YpY lvp{ p{l pYyp t{ x. Wxf rY}{ ~uYx r npYv W  Rn~ Y{.
n~ NY{ [p Rr Yyj p[ppl rlly{zp. Al Rr pxYx [zz A{x Yl Yyp{. Y{n K{ ~opx Yypp? ~uYx r npYv v~ ~x. A v~K l{p n~ NY{ rtq{ ~x Yyj YlY vjhzxf  vf Wcr pxY yz Yv~ vl  W zYK ~~ RllpxY xp vl{ypf ~ x. l{l ~ Yyj rxY ~YDb vp r~ Wp YlY vjhz ~~x R{~p x.
Rll {|xpv Rn K RYyxf K ~YDb{ R{~p v ~lff YyjY. Sxfl K RYyxp Yfxl Yyv. YM }K vp{yx R{~px  x. Wxf ~vp z~ Rn~ Y{ Yy cx~x  yYvp ~ppxY xp vl{y rY}xY WYv ~m{yxY r{K {n[lYv rp{ p.
cpl vY ryvj rMzKpl vp YjhxK ~K  zY r{lrl voNp RlRh[{f [v rtq M] z~ ~YDb{f zY Yx.
pvl zY r{lrl voNp lpnp l~l Yfxl{zf ~Ktpo p xz Tx Rr z xp{. ~v{| Rvy~ vl v  N x.
X{p [p tj v[p[K nr  vnz Rxm z~ ul Yy rn[zY vpyxY np{ xp Ryxf. voNpf W{ {a [p ~xpp RxxY xp{. pvl r|px {j W X{p rY} Yyr lpf cpr{yx ly xp Wp WY. KY v rv Yl{Y. rzx[h rzv nn {a{Y {z xz voNxY rzK bxyrx [lll X RlRh[{f [pp r{p. vYn cprlv rzv Up xp{ xz. K xf t{l bxyr |zrxYf R~ rxwp YyzzY[{l bxyrxY{l [pp t {p{. vYn cprlv zYrfyp R~ xp p. Rrf pK xpp xpp vlp {yn xpp voNp[ p{p t{x. Rpy ~pxY vp{yx Yyj ~l{ rz Y x. X{ {y r|p rtq{ n W  M] z~ ~YDb Y.
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