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Rvy ~vy
~[l zYx yp nn p{ p~pG ~vrz  cxpl Rypn rx rl

Rvy {vnv

A {~Y ~vxx. {~Y Yzxf Yyz [l Mvjx vl, A{ [K {~xpf R~ppf [xp vl A Yzxf ~vp ~v. rpM n WY {~Y Yyz [l r~[xY A {~Y ~vx . [lxp [lx [xp v Yyz [ r~[x Yy[p [x. K Rly RyKux ~fv Yyz [ y~ p Wlp |} RvllY n x. X uylx ~f v r ~[lex. r~[x RhY v {p fv X p lp p[ ~xx. vv Yyz [ ~q lp Mvjx Y rn[zx R~zf [xx. Spr~ ~x ~ {~v [z{ lp MvrYxf rzpNx. [ lp |{jx vp Yzvl  ~ uyx ~[lex Y{ Wv Uryx v~ [jp{Y xply rn|{~pf UnK Rvf lyK vlY{Y x.
vv Uryx zn Q zY ~[lex p~pG ~vrzx. rpM ~YYzvzz {l { ph[K |zr . p vMlz~[ nf rlx {x p~pG ~vrzx. p~pG Urpp 1906 vx v~ 19 { x. r{z {vz ny{ { Xf p[xp npY {. Yh Yz [yYp tno | r~zf Rll{ Rorpx y X Rf{ |xp r~ r{p Rorpx zvf R~{p rpM tyYZyvx {Yh rdppn, nnx r{p {zx ~yl, vyplhN oKvppn, rzp {yj xp {yp[p ~z, rz, ~~Yl xp u} y rj u[x n ~vl x.
u} rxY pv zt [l  { p~pGf S[~ pv xj Yy [vf rpM Q ~v[z  vyfN |pl Rpl y r~z{zf n [xx. A {p fl rx[p zl Ru~x ~ ~[lx S[vf p~pG l |z BpYvY tj n  RMY [f Tf y~ x. A ~v W{Yf ~ {x~ ~KrMj{ ~ lyj p~pG WYn~ p{~x ~r rvj ~{n| lx, zY{~x, zY rp, zYj R r{lrl YMxz{z  YMl vjhz{z Yp Yh ~{x yl x. Wv Yfxl{z Xf vrz v~, r.n. R~ Yzylp, Tx[zz, cxpl y~Yy, v~ Yvyl[, vMp Yv~ { U[l r~ R~y vf  x.
v~ YzY [l {p f Rr~{p xfrl Yy[p ~ ~[lx S[p [K R~{ vp rvj{ [vf p~pGf  x. A ~rYf ~[le F. ~~ ~z{ v~fM[. Spr~ WD.hJ. yr~, R v~fM xp ~[lexp[ n R~yf {fj X rfYfN ~[l ~vay{Mop ~x rf{ [p ~[le RK.. rMy  ~tqYK r{l{Nx. K Rlyv ~~ ~z{ v~fM ~v[ tcN ~[l r~[{zf ~u[ { p~pG {Yz p[~ [xpx  ~Mrp {npx rjxY t{f rl x. Wxp ~vYf rl p{ X Spx{p S[~, p, ~~Yl rlrl [p{ [p l{v S[p [llx. W rszx {j 1934  X Rp [l n pK ~[l [pmx vx.
p p~pG[ {x~ R{y . |zr |~l rr~xp rp ~[l Upvnx {z ~ p~pG[ lx Rry {p~Y ~ x. A X[ {xx. 1937 vMl 5 { ~YYzvzz hJ.. ~v{ ~vyy vpx  Rpl [l p~pG[ rn[zY lx vpv ~[l x n ttv RyKu x. Xf { Uj~vl ~v[v W {~Y ~vx Yyz [ lp ~ uyl ~[lexY[p ~ {~v UryxY ztj K Yzx x. Al ~v[ zn cprxl{x ~v  rpM ~[l rp RyKu Yx.
1938  rvj  {z R~yf {fj p~pG W cxpl y~Yy[ ~~{Y t{f n rl x. p~pG Yvyl[ v~xp ~v[  x~x [pmx yap Y vYzx. 1945  rvj Q zY [poM{ ~u R{~p u[xp U~~ z~ ~vl { X WY{yv R{~p u[xf Srl  A {~M u[xp {xpv rv {xf ~vl{ yp rnYYv p [llx. A ~v[v 1946  rxpnz vo v nzx ~[l Urn|Y lplyY zn  zYN vzv ~[l [y{y r npY YpY t{f rl x.
p{ x{l ~v[v rxpnzf r X nzx vxK r ~y M rxf RNx. W [y{y  o |zrpf ~[lx S[px. X[p [yyYK zt [l r~ Rly rv~ vpYf{, t~z rpp, Rz rpp, Rppn cx~, Rpy vpv, hJ.. RztG rMy R {. [y {lxf r r~ p~pGf {f [x Yyj r~z vpf ~[lx S[vf R{| rlrl R lyK pv t{. A ~v 1947  X r~z [ pp Yh [l ~[xY r Yx. Spr~ 1954 |}f [l  1973  ul [l pp Urn|lvY, n|uv  tnou{pnp [l rtpo r Yx. W uyx y[ lz{zf ~z Uy{p xl ~z y[ [l y|xY Mvjx Yx. Wxp pp{ A{x y[ lz pv ~z ~{yr [p{ ul v RyKu Yx. A ~q R{| r~v X ~Y~ Y 1947 [l Yz  pK |~x [pmx yap Yy.
1950  p~pG Rry rn[zxY[ R~yf {fjx. A vaMx ~yDapxp[x. A R~M X{ y[o ~[lx, rn, bpn~, {l, cp [l [p Yl Y. W rszxY z~ X{p nnp WY{ nx ~[x pp [{pz {h~fpY n xl Y. 1951  [y {lx U~~vY zt p~pG YfYypn [y Ru~ nzx ~[l YYaMx{yx z~ rl {Nx. Spr~ xl 1953  U~~ vY zt lv ycx ~[l rY}Y{yxY t{f rl x. K Yzx {p fl rxpnz ~y M Xl vaMx ~yDapxpl Rly R~y r{. W{ WY pY p~pG Yh ny{Y ~yDapxp v{f Yq{ p{ pp nY} {xzp {np |zrxY z~x. Yh ny{ cxpl Rypnx. cxpl p~pG[ rlx. X n Yh Yz ~fv rx vpv ~[lxf tj ~l R{ ~xx.
cxpl Urpp 1937 X[ vrxp { { vz Yzx {l { rpM ~YYzvzz  x. nvrxp rxpnz ~y y f Wp f cxpl[ {x~ R{y p{x. rx ~[lx S[p{ rxpnz vo v nzxpv Rorpx y Yh cxplf WYz ~x {~f ly R{ [x rYf ~[lexp[ Yv  R~y vl R~{nxY [p ppx. W{ p{z rx[ Szzv vl {xzpx {npx Yy rp{ ~yDapxp[p zn WY R[xvY ~ [jpY Yh cxpl{ yp ryvf ~vl x.
K ~v cxpl [{pzx v {np |zrxY t{f n rl x. 1951 [{pz |zrp {M[ vf vyf rjp ylpcYM vaMx{yx Sx r rpYK ~v X r~vrl [{pz |zrxY t{f rl x. K Rly 1958 {~y {p f cxpl[ rx p~pG lz px |~x [pmx zx r Yx. 1954  X ~p zx [l Yz  pK |~x rMx}j [pmxf W{Yf zY [poM{ ~u{ ~p W u[ rrx Rp{ R{~p u[x ~vl {{pf rMx}j YxY Srl vp r~ rnp ~[l |yn xp Ur pvx rpv. W~ rMx}j [pmxY ~q zYN ~[l |yn UrxY zt WYv rn[zx t{f p~pG rl x.
1964  n| lz zY}jx pK [pmx zx p~pG ~vrz[ lx ~{Mjvx x[x z~ 1950-1965 Rly Yzx ~zY. A X o ~[lexp[ R~y n S[pv n S[pv n rMx}j n Sl ~MmY z~v Y R{x x. K {p f X[ rl cxpl n yG r~nxf rl {p ~x nY} lyj ~[lexY z~. Yvxp X[ pv n rx[ pvx vpv r~nxf rl {p f W{Yf rYf v pf |zr rvYvy Wrf{z ll tl v pfYxf ~[lx ~rxK Ryop{ lyj cxplf z. Wf X ~x r~z U~~ r y. ~z, rz, ~~Yl  S~x xp }xp y cxpl 1957  rynx |{nzxf Rl {Nx. |{nz ux Xf Yh Yz ~f X[ ~l |} ShY {p { v Ry ~yDapxp vj [~v Rry ~vY x.
W ~yDap ~p[ v[ rpv  Upp{ vl ~z, nv WYl{p {np YjhxvY ~vl, ~~Yl pfxY { ylp{z ~q [ lp Mvjxl cxpl MvjYyjxf rtz z~ xv Yyx. Al ~v[v ry ph[K ~[lx { AYY y t{ vYp Wx vf~zf voy n|x ~{y ~xcpxp RzYy vf cxplf  x. 1961  |{nzxp Urx zt rf { cxpl n rx vpv [y {lx ly [llx. 1963 vzzY rMy vpx ~v[ { { X {y Rorpx zvf Spx{f [xx. W 1966  ~[l rzv{l, 1968  ~[l |ynl, 1970  ~[l rp xp u[ ulZjh n rgxp zt ~vl{ p{l zY{f rxx.
K {p f Yz {~Y { ~y M {~x Rly vy[v rM ShvY zf [p {~Y lp rxf rj ~ p~pG Wv {~ bpn~f rop lpY zt p ~q rp z~ pK Yx. 1960 ~f 1966 vx 19 p ycx ~{xp |v [pp lYv X hJ.. vYz{ ~p ~v[ WY{ |~x ~YDb, ~KKzp r{lx. ~q rp ~f ~x |~l pv  RlK t r~Yf t ppx. pvl |v [vl ~v[ A ~q ~q rp ShYh v t{ p~pGf `. Tf Rvly{ X[ ~l Tfl {h YzlvY r~yxY ~x ~~yppf x. A ~v YzlvY r~yxY r Y~tN {{ Rnny ShK YtzzY zf [p [x pp YzxlpxY rfNNx. W S[p [vf zYN ~x rl{zp [y{y, |zr rx.
1969  yj Q rzx ty YYaMx{yxY z~ rl { p~pG W cp ~[l }x S[p{Nx. 1972  p{l [y[v [y nzx ty YYaMx{yxY z~ rl {Nx. K Rly 1972 {~M v [y[v [y nzx RaMx vjhzxf cxpl n tq{ [pp znn YYaMx{yxY z~. p rx rl nnpv WYv ux |zr t n. x 1974  Rorp rzv r|al Urx vf Yw |{nzxf Rll {p cxpl 1975  Wx v Yy R[ ~KrMj [y Rorp YYaMx{yxY t{f rl {Nx.
K {p f cxpl[ rx p~pG r~z{z U[p{p ztp n|x ~[l Yvx Ulpl u{x rY} Yf ~[l }x vz{ ~|opx v ~q Mn| Srl K Yf{f rl{ ~xx. 1981 {~M  X vyf Yz Y}lxf Y |}f ~{xf Ury z~ f{M z rnpv v[p ry YzYy{p Un~ rpvp v~Y rl}YxY n rpx Yy. 1982  cpr ~p rpvp Yz| ~Kvpxp n rK zt X 1983 nY{v [x Yzxlpx S[pK  rMx}j Yfxl{z xjx.
W{Yf cxpl Rorp Rvl|xp zn R|}l{xY ~ W[zplxf [~ W ~pnMx Rorp nM|px rtq{ rgvz{Y y zY{f rj ~xx. 1979 Yw |{nzx Rorp rgx YYaMx lplyY zt n{~yp r~ 1981 Yzx |{nzx ~pnMx Rxlpxf t l{l n{~yY ~{x Yx. 1984  cxplf p{l [y[v [y zf rl{ W xc zr z~l, 1987  W zr z~l rl {xx. cxpl W o lply{z ~{x Y Yzx ~x lx Sl {n[l Yz rDEnxY z~ ~zYNx.
K {p f pyzx pv |M}[l y[toxp p~pG ~vrz rppf x. 1985 {~y {p f [zp t{f rl { X Spr~ Rnxvf r{ p{ |y |Yxp tz{ ~f 1989 c 07 p ~q rp vzp ~v [llx. X ~p vyf ~[l, ~~YY  RorY Y}lxf Y ~{x {p{p X r{ ~ rxpnz vy[v ry p~pG ~vrz v{l z~ pK Yyp z.
rx x{ ~{p f cxpl ~x [y[v [y z zr z~ ~{x Yy. A{~Mv Rorp Rvl|x ~pnMx Rorp RoY} z~ Yfxl vf X Yq{p zx. Wlp ~f {~y p{xY rvj Rorp Rvl|x ~{x Y X 1997 {~M  |v [xx. 1951 {~M ~yDap [{pz {h~fp Yz{p {xzp {nY{yxY z~ Ry cxpl[ ~[l x 1952 [{pz {np {n |zr, 1953 rvYvy Wrf{z[ v pf ~[l Mvjx  {n {pnx vx v, l~p, {y y`p v pfx, |} rzYYy vl[ u{ azpx v pfx y[ ly[ v pf, t~z rpp, Xvzl v pf, 1959 ylp{z pfx, 1960 Y {, 1962 r. {zYz[ ylp{z pfx, vpK, ~t, Rl t Mvjxpf xYl{x np 1998 {~M zzl ~yDap[ ylp{z pfx ~q ~[l ~rxv {p{p yc ~Kvp zt l{vl pp{ Sxf R xx.
tno oMvx }x Yf [p |~lr Urx zt [l X [ ~rn, ~yz |~x [l y~~{npx, n|x ph[K ~[l ~Krx, ~[lx yx pp |~x [pm rxY n yap Yy Rl. X[ n|x ph[K ~[l ~Krx ~q 1998 qv rMx}j Yx z~ yc ~Kvp n zt. pf ~~YY Rvl|x v[p vx{p fz ~Kvp rp {h~fp Urn|Y vjhz ~vYxY {p cxpl K {p f ~x RaMx Urx ~q l{l rMx}j YMxxY x ~x.
~[lx lx Yy[l lx ~[lxY Yy[l Sp ~[lx voy vpy t{ n~l {  p~pG - cxpl rx rl WY{ vyf ~[l Y}lx Y ryx Tx Rn p{ vll R[px. {px. r|~plvYx.
~Y~ Y
vp Y[Krx