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cz xno{zf Rrfl vjrvf ~Nn?

Rnf xnp zY cz px ll

zYN 38% rvj {p p czxf n r~[x  p~p zY WYl vf ycx Yfxl Y x. p czx z S x xl t{f cY czr{p vjhzx YzY ~fv xcp ycxf Srl Yyp . Wl Wv z [jp{zf r [jxp S cz zrlY ~Y~vf ycx rtzx Yfxl x. WY WY Yvrxp v[p K ~{p xpp n~ cz Rxx vyG R~ v pN n xpp pv~ tx. WY r~p cz ru{xp {p~n r~ czx Rrl {n vz~ p czxf { zY xv v y Rx  uxpY rrY ~l [v R~y pN.

zYx r{lv yjx Yyp ztp rop ~oYxY {pp czxx. Rl |}fayxp [hp[j n czx ru{x Yy [. zYx { yyx t cz ~Krlp ~ rucpxf ~~ vGfK czx r{pp 0.01Y lyK { Yh rvjx. zYx r{p ~v~l cz ru{xp[p 97.5%Yv vp} rucpxf p~~ z{j ~l czx N. S x czxp n ~zx xl rvjxY r{pp ~f ` vf Rr~ o{ R|l rn|{zx. ~v~l x cz r|lxp[p rxcpxf [l  rN|xp tp cz rvjx ~xxf WYYfl {h Rh t{ rMx}j v[p p[ppf J. rucpxf [l  czx K RYyxf ~v v l{p z{ ry czxf zY xv {p r{. zYx n~ cz Rxx R~ K Yvpljx xl Yyp znn Rp n|Y nYYf rvj ryx. czx v ~q zYx ry rtz ~v[K nxY Yfxl Ryw J. X{ K {p fl zYx ~v~l cz tvp 4%Y rzpx Yy. vv ~v[K{z Ryvj  Rll S {~y 15 Rll zY cz ~rxvp 20%Y lv rzpxf pl Yy [vfx. vv cz vx{f Wy{ z{ ry Un]}j pp p {Mopx {p r{. zY tY{, clply vz Ryvnz Rl l{ z{ yf{z tvxYfv tzrK Wzz Yyp vv Rxlp{z px rlx vzY R[xY  Rll n~ cz Rxx z vx.
rzrpx p[Y czx rn[zYYyjx vf 90 n|Yx  zY tY{ xcp Yx. Wx 1997 {M}x  x{f p. rzrpx roplv p[Y cz xcp Yvx rn[zYYyjx Yyj Rly Wx p[Y cz YMvplx  Rr{ r{p Yvx z~ X{ p{.
vv {h~fp xfl rzrpx vz tfy Yzrx, Rxz ~v {ryx  lp WY~l Urx[l ~v[v xp ~v[K ~p n vz p[py Yzrx r|x cz ~v[K WYl{p ~Kzl zJ ~v[v ~p zf [p zx. vv Yzr nY zxp 11Y cpl{[p hzM zxp 250Y RxvY R ~v[K RrY} Y. Slv Yf z~ czx v ~{n Wyf rzYxp rY| Y vv rn|{z {l {p p[Y  cpl{f czxf { RxxY zt v vv {hr{ Ryvj t{x. Wvpv czx Rrl xv R{v v vv {h~fp xfl ~{p t{ n X{ rY| Y. rv {~y nx l ~ [~l { vY pvf n R ~v[K r~no ryp{Y n zt . Wl rn[zYyjxp r~ ~ {x Tf Syv {p~ x{zx. Wv[p ~ { rv{ YMxx {x Rl cz ~rxK zt v ply v x. rn[zYYyjx Yyp f vz tfy Yzrx cz p~x 56%Y {|xp [jp tz . Wl rn[zYyjx ~vp r~ Wv p~x 69.8% nY{ S [xx. {~y nxY xply czx z { pvf ~v[K [~ [ll n rv {~y r lv ny[l p RYyxp Wv rn|{z t S vf R ~v[K x Yx. vz cz ~v[v xY fM WYYf 1997  rzrp r~ 2.32Y Rx Y Rly Wx r~{ r~ 14 nY{ { x. vv R~MmY {rxf Wy{ 2003 R[~l {p f ph v  ~v[K ~p cz rr{ Rlfv ~ x. ~x [jpY rzrp {~x Rr~ czx ~ {zqp y[{zf [y {.
Yph{ ~ W[zplx Rl cz ~{ rn[zYyjx Yyp zn yf{z [jp{Yv v{ R|x uxY lll{xp nYpf z. nYj RrYN n cz ~{ rn[zY Yyjx v l{p Yzy {~[lxf [y vf Wyf {~xpf ~x. v{v UyjxY tzx{pn rp{x x.
tzxN rx czx tv tGfz ~v[vf Wv ycx ~p r{yp z. Wv ~v[v ~p Wv czx z ~xxf y~xxp S K l{p tzxN cpl{ {zf t~ rr r{lvf Yfxl Y. R{~px Wv ycxf Wv ~v[v lpK vf ~ x. Wl lvp z { Yyp znn ycx  Rl~p Yyp zn R{tol [~vf Rp{ t{ Wv ~v[v r~nxv rY| Yx. Spr~{ R ~v[v tzxN ycxf Wy{ ph v[Yf r~jx.
v{ zY lll{ ~zzzf [l RlK yc, n~ cz Rxx v xpv lpK Yf Rl. Bzpnx, RvYN RlK rpl{z v{  Y [l  x.
zYN czx K x{zx RyKu {x Rp n|Y lpYf rvj ry ~fx. W rmv Rxy {x 1982 cz tnn rpvx. Wlp rfp K {ply Rjh [jp{Y xfl n~ cz Rxx UY~f lK xcp Wp WY Yyxf rxx. 1996  zY tY{ Srl Yyp zn Yzr Y}YMv rrlx l n czx rn[zYyjx v rtq rz{ nY{ t. Wv rY|px  [lp }sz {[{Y t{l Wx cz ~Krl Rrl x{p {[{Y tp {v [xp Sp S{l Y xl t{l nY{ t. r~[x n|YxY rvj Yzx l zYN czx v ~Ktpoxp R~xp ~{Mop tY{ Yyp zt rMx}j ~q rvjY yrxz Y 375Yf {h { rvjxY xnK Yy t. K ~x {Ml{zp zx, czx, Y~, vzr rno Rl ~x ~{ R| rn[zY R|xf r{v ~q xcp Srl  x. 2000 {M}x ~fv K {plyv x {l{Y Rr[ n~ cz Rxx R~ vf xK xK r~ Ul~ y. vv RlK xcp{z czx xp {apx RMm nY{ tj u[l czx, vlrf czx  cz {}r n Wxf Rxl z~ ~zY. ~yz{ xll zYN r{lp ~xv czx rn[zYyjx vf K Unx Ul~ y. W{ Ul~xp [jp{Y v yG cpl{[  pxY ~op{z tzrvp ply Y. RlK R{~m{z  RYyjx rf rvf n zx cp ~vcxf ~ x. Tf WY UyjxY {pp 2003 rx czx rn[zYyjx K zxzzY rMzKpl{f Srl v x. Wv YfKrl rycx vf W{Yf RYyjxf  x. l{vl czx K {hr{z x{f p{p tp t{ r~[x r{ vo v{Y | zY l {ryx Yyj ~l{ rp{ np zx. zY cz px vMl 22 {f x J. ~v {~yYv czx rtq{ Rr vv pxf {ry R{{p t{Y nYpf Rl. r~[x {~M n~ cz Rxx rtq M Rr r Y zrx |M} rgx {x cz ~Krl Rp[lx xno Mvj Yyp Rl xppx. v{y zY cz px lv{  Rll Wv Ryl np{p {np. WpK n| ~v{zf ~v p{p czx xppx (Transboundary Waters) v{ lv rgxY x [vf vzY l{  Rll K {p f n|~v R|l{ cz xno Ry vx. t[zn|x  Spx{ Rly, przx  Spx{ Rly K {p fl W{ cz xno rz{v nYpf Rl. zYN n {Mlvpx xlvY {p vp}x vxK RyKu {x czx vz Yf [l RMtnxY y[ xv l{. WpK Y l~l{p vzRy ~yN{ {~ v y Sp r ~p cpxf czx pz xv l{.
zYN 13 { {{~m ~|lxp ~mrl RjhYv {{~m{f Rp{ zYN n czx Rxx rl ~u{zf r{y Rl. A rtq{ tzrK v rMzKpl{f r{ R~y {p z~ {[p ~Y~ J. K {pfl {xw  Uly vn rl ~u{ {p {pv cz rrl x{f p{p J. vv vx lll{xf Rp{ R rl ~u{ l rvjY r{p xK u[l  vlrf cz ~Krl Rxx Wv rl ~u{ ~lx. rl ~u nYY Rly [zp [`Y Rxx vov Rjh{ ~l{ Rl. v uxpYv Yyj{ {pp R rl ~u{ l r{p cz ru{xp A A rl ~u{zf RpYz{ Yj K ShYh r{vx. Sx v{ lll{xp y zYN { Yh yc{z n rl vGfvp cz xno R K ShYh r{. K ~xzz rtq{v Rr R{opxp ~x xlv x. vpn plpx n~ cz Rxx pYjp t{f rz{ ~fp Yy Rl. Wl l{vl zY{ l czx Yjp rzz zvp Yyp t{ rz ~lx. n~ cz Rxx Wz~ [zpxf ~ {p x  vyf cz r}Y rn|  cz vz| rz RplyYf vj r Rl. |}xp v zYN r{p {N Rlp t ~Z{Y r~[x {~y rx l fz xp[  ~~ YMvplYy{p[ [y vY t{f rl x. tzo n p~ Yp{ W{ r~y }Yxpf {N l{ {p~vf R{~y rl zt pp. {lyf {~ ~ ~ YY~ v [ [x n|Yx l ~l [vf{l p Rxp {Mopx x. cz Uzrl ~ ll K rn| {p~v r [jxp S [~ J. vov r~y RYx R~ppx tp ll K [jp{Yv r~[x {~y nY lp Rll tyrl RplyYf vj rN x. Yw ~YYx l tp W{ ll K K {p f lGf nY {rYxp[ YK t{f rl{ Rl. K rtq{ {yfl ~x tzvf xvYf R{| pK Rlx Yy Rux ux {l x  x. YMvpl{zp ty Yyp Rr~ czx y n ~zx xl xY Rnfl zYN cz ru{xp {l ~{p Rl. YYy {pply, [ S{y, R S{yn [ [x Yzx l  z~ }Yxp[ [y t{f rl x. ~yz{ {l czxf p Yyp tzN[ ~x n~ [jpY zY{ ry cx nn p{p Rl. Rr K ~xzz ~fp Yypp Wv ~pnMux l ~f x.
zYN 38% rvj {p p czxf n r~[x  p~p zY WYl vf ycx Yfxl Y x. p czx z S x xl t{f cY czr{p vjhzx YzY ~fv xcp ycxf Srl Yyp . Wl Wv z [jp{zf r [jxp S cz zrlY ~Y~vf ycx rtzx Yfxl x. WY WY Yvrxp v[p K ~{p xpp n~ cz Rxx vyG R~ v pN n xpp pv~ tx. WY r~p cz ru{xp {p~n r~ czx Rrl {n vz~ p czxf { zY xv v y Rx  uxpY rrY ~l [v R~y pN.
czx rtq YlN WY R|xY Wz~ xcpx {n l{l R|xY R t{ ~fp Y xl x. WpK Yzp ul Yf r~ Y czx {p ~vf, vzrl{zf vf x [pp WYv yf t{f n Rr rl{ ~vx. ycx |z r{xY nyp r~ Yy [pp czx Wz~ p~ v cY Rryox. Rr Rn rj ~pp zYx ~Krl{z R{~p YMl{f x. f px zx, czx  Spop ~KrMjxpv Rrf pz xK ShYh {y {p Rl. W{ {frf{Y v{ ~Krl Ryrv~vp ulxf [v Y[l xlYv. v{y cz px  Rr K ~xzz lyK [l xlx. WrvjY n p{ Sp Wf [~ cz vz| {p~pppf Wy{l czx ~ypppf rY}{l Rr Yfxl vf {[tz [l xl x.
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