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yz ~xv rj R[vf ~t rlx

vYn Rn Y rf  }MG WYY Rqz
ycx-|pl lv~ v YG ly[x pyvf [x yz[p l{lY R~x
cY r|px ~qpp Yzp yf tnp xcp [pp np{
zp ~z{
yG cpl{f Xtlv [p |{~~xY p AY ~ tlyxf ~ pvpp
~ly cxzl cx{Mop

vl Yzp S~x vj p tyrlv RMtnY lll{xf Wcrx K {p f vj  Rl. A Wcr pxYl{x ~Ktpox. Wcr pxY yz Yv~ vl Wv pxYl{ rf{p S{l Y xl t{f Wcrx o lyyK r~ o R{~m{z  rp{ p. [ [x ~ rx l  yz Yv~ vlf Wy yox tyrl z~ Wcrx Sv ~myxp[p p[ Wppf x. K rtq Wcr rMzKpl vp{y [jp{Yv YjhxK {|xp v  |} ~YDb rxY r{l{. vv YjhxK{z Ryvj {x 16 { f x t Wcr vp YjhxK ~YDbN  pxYl{ R{z rtq r~nxv ~YDb vx. Wcrx vp{yp vz~ Yv~ vlf Wy{ ~YDb {f r{l{n A ~l [jp p[l Yv~ vl r~[x 14 {  Yw ycx nzx  |pl lv~ nzx Rly r{ {M}Y YG ly[x tzvf W~.W~.~. h[jxf [x x. X Wp q ~x Y r -}MG WY. h[jxf Rl {nv Yv~ vl[ r~z ly X  ~lf ~ Yltf WY {.
vYn Y rf -}MG WYY Rqz. rY}x rf{l vy Y n? W ~ WY rn[zxY ~p ~ Yv~ vl[p v~ ~x x.
vf Y rfv Rppv xz xY p. v Yv rfY Rpp vf n~ xp{. Yv~ vl ~p~pv rly ~rxx x. Wp pnxp [l Y Yv~ vl lv ry lyp ~v[ Rlx ~K rtq vlYxp n t  [ll x. K ~xzz ~{p Rlylyv ~f x t vp YjhxK ~YDb{ R`y{ nY{ Yz vf Wcrx S r~ Yfxl x. Wp rMzKpl{ ~{p tp v{ vlY{Y ~YDb v R~y t{ A rtq p[l vp{y [jp{Yv X{p{p  Ylt Yy [l. Wl ~YDbN Nz{ {p~ Yy [vf vp{y Rr~l {. 17 {  U~p rMzKplN  Wcr vp Yjhxv ~ {x vv r~v xfl x. Wcr pxYx n Wcr vp{yp[ ~pv rtq Yzp p ~x x. Wl X ~{Y pnpp RYyxf ~YDbN px rlxf Rp{ Yfxl Yyv xx r{~p vp YjhxK ~YDb{ RyKu Y x. Wcr pxYx ~x ~YY{p YxY [p Wv Yxf Rp{v rvjY Yfxl v rtq YzxY ~fv r~nxf rl{ Rl. Wp ~YDb{f Yv~ vl rjp f vqY rvn n . ~YDb{ RyKu vf xl{ tj U~p p{xf x. Wl t vp{y Wp U~p Rfx fv rMzKpl{f rj ~x. Yv~ vl ~YDb{f WY{p f p{xx Yz rvj  . A rtq n vp{yp ~x lyvY Rvprx. vp{y  Wcrx ~~ c}gxp YvY rY| Y n lvp nyp ~m{yxv Yfxl vf Yv~ vl nY{pp |}f nY}l{. Wl vp A RYyxfv ~YDb{ r{l{[p xvf Yv~ vlf  {x pl. rv{ { vyx ltN Wcr rMzKpl vp  W xc zYK zY}vp ~pylp vl x.
pxrlx p{x. Xtlv pxYl{x Spp{n pnn rtq{ Rr y~ bpnxY v~v. A ~q vv ~u{f xcp{Y [p Wp{. ~pylp vp{yx N x.
vv Wv xcp{ Rpvl Yyp{. ~{Yfl xvY rY| vf vllp p[ ~ yl vnvtjhy vp{yx x. vp{yp ~xzzv vv rY|xl ~v[ Uj~K {p t{Y rpppf . K vlv Rn~ Y{ {y RJ{Mop vl {{~mpYz{ W{ bpn v~vY ~ Y p t{ r{~x. A ~v[v vp{y [jp{Yv RN[xp Rn~ nY{ppf {. WY vp{yxY v~ ~x K bpn ryp f Xx {{~m{ tKt{f n x x. A vl  Yv~ vl p{ll px rlx rtq{ ~u{f vlY Y x. cp~fp rpp vp{yxf Al ~v[v  RN[xY R{p t{ rpppf .
vlp t {h Yypp Wpp Wr. Rr Rn K r|px ~q[pp Bp. yfv Rrf xpp WY r{hxx. AY p pl WY WY Yl xp{. Rnl r|p{zp rpz xpp Wr. Rn rMzKpl{ xf ~ {jl Rr vlp Sxf xpp Bp K {hYfxll R{~p Yyz. cp~fp rpp vp{yx N[xp x[p [x x. l{l vp{y [jp{Yv v  Rn~ nY{ppf {.
pxYlv. K yG |z r|pxY tp{. A lvx K yG cpl{f Xtlv{ |{~ p WY. A Rx lpp Xt K yff yno{ {h Yyp YpY xz. A ~ Rrf Xt{ Sxf vMYG Yypp t {p{. vlp Spp ~vy Rx {{~m [p ty Yl xz rY}xv Ry{z R Yyz pxYYvf Wpp YyvpK Rzzp{. Rr K{ pp p{x Spp. p Xtlv rY}x tlyxf ~ pvz Yfxl Yypp Bp. plpK {pp Rr vv vv rY}x Spp WY. Rrf {h Rr rY}Yx KYp tyrl YY p{. ~ly cxzl cx{Mop vp{yx x[p [x x. vp{y [jp{Y K RYyxf Yv~ vlf Wy{ [p [fv Rn~ Y{.
Xtlv vl Yz [ll yj [jp{Yv rz{v {yx. A yj p Rr rY}x pp pv Ryf [x. p{l A lll{ lyK Ry[p Yfxl Yypp. yl vnvtjhy vl p{l {l{Y Yv~ vlf N x.
pxYlv, vv Xtlvf tv [y Yyp rn[zxY. p Xtlv pxYl{p S{l {pp Bp Yz Rzz. rY}x S p{ lplyY Xtlvf Yfxl Yypp r{p. Rr pxYl{x Yy cx~x vllxf zt nv. yYvp ~ppxY vp{yx ~YDb{f WY {p r{~x. {pf WlyKv Yltf WY p{p ~l rv~ vp{yx n vp  RN[xp xl{ Rn~ Y{N x. ~x np[v Rn~ v~ ~ ~~ RllpxY vl n x ~x vx ~ [vp ly{ Wcrxf Rp[lxY pv t{ x. nx~ cx~Yy, y ~vyy xp vp{y n v  p{l p{ll Yv~ vl Napx Yyp Rn~ Y{. R{~px vv lll{xp Rlv ~q [l  xvM[ rtq ~x tzvf Wcrx c}gx r~Y W  yjx Y. ~~ RllpxY  [ cxYv xp vl{y WY  rmvxpv c}g pxY lply  W {[K rtq M] Nz{Y ~YDb Y. rY}x zYK  ~ur xf {{~mpYz{ X{p nnpf {[K r{ Rl. vv ~YDb{ ~q Yy cx~x vl n WY{ ~x x. Rply{ X{p[ Rn~ Wpv yz Yv~ vlf pK vf ~ x. vv p{ lll{xp rtq r~  U~p ~YDb vf n W  x [. Wp U~p n {{~m {p~ v rtq X{ M] Nz{Y ~YDb Y. K {p fl Wcrx YyzYy vp{y Yw p[yx R{pzY  l{l ~mp nYY {p {pv ~YDb {f rxYv r{l{. Wl Wp ~{~ u[x ~ { Wcr YlY vjhz ~YDb{ ~l lyKv UnN[Yy ~{yrxY [l t{Y pr. W  c}g pxYl{ lplyf R{| R{~yx zt [v ~q Wv xcp{ YlY vjhzxf xv v n ~ x. Wp n ~uYx r npYv Yv~ vl rY} pxYl{xp S{l x xl t{f lyxv Rn~ Y{. K ~xzz R~ ~ Yv~ vl Wv ~YDb{ R{~px lyvY ~N Yl{Y ~ Y x.
94 Sqz vv K rY}x [hp[pp |z YrvY ~ Y. |z vp~xY [ll. ryl lll{xp vl Rr rY}Yx ~x  z~ ll oMxx ~z. X{p[ ll oMxx S pv ~q vv  z~ Yfxl Y. K pxYl{ lply Napx Yypp Wx Spp Rxf r~x. pvl K rfN { {jv lvx v tp rx[Y Rvy t{ lypp. X W~ r{~n RlK vp{yp n lyvY ~N {p t{Y rpppf . Wwp S ~ rx Rll Wcrx pxYl{x Yy cx~x vlf zt vf K {p fl W r~r vp{y Yfxl ~pK Yyp ~.
r~[x t~rp rMzKplN rv { Yf |zN ~pp~ rl rp K Ul~{xY r{l{p t. A yj, rYjf l~v{p ycv yx rc uxY z~ rY|xf rl v ll. vv R{~m{f ~u[ { W ycv yr [h[v {pylp rjpf R[vl ylp~ YvpxY vl Rp rc uxf R ~pp~ rlx rpx Y.
vv Ul~{x ~opx Yy tj p[Y ~{Mop  rc u ~{Mop Rvl p} [j{Mop vl ~. Tf YmpxY cv zYtjhy, vrz ~~p, vz ~rz n ~z{, ~~z rvcxpl, [lcp [j{Mop xp v Rv{y  t~py RjhYy Rz v{zp Rl r~Y ~u[ {.
p} [j{Mop Rv{yx ~x YlN  v~ ~qp Y x.
Rn tv W~Y n{~Y. Rr R[vlv rMzKpl{f rl {z Rnf R{y 49Y {p{. Wlv vzpv yj R~px rMzKpl{f l rl {j 1960 vMl 19 {x.
p} [j{Mop vl K nyN{ Yy pt Nz{pv rY} pxY yz Yv~ vl Yf |z{f r~ R[v{yx ~p lpf rx x.
Xtlvf v[ ~trlK
K AYf xp Ul~{xY pvx. vv Xx ~{l~y Ul~{ [p WDay Upp p. KY K p} ~opx Yyr {p Ul~{xYp...
R[v{yx ~p~p rY} pxY{yxf N x.
R Rppx cpvo Y{xl, R pzpx cpvo ~~nxl Rly rvM n Rz~ Rp~vyj Y~zpx ~q {M}Y{ r{l{p YG ly[x v{y Rf{ {yfl r~[x ~ Rplx  Yw ~.~.~. h[jx  r{l. W |}l{x {x v{y t~py rl ~u v{yjxf ly[ {p z[ ~vrz vl n R pzpx vo Yjhxv xcpx v x. vv ly[x cx[jx Rppn vo rzf  {{ n 1983 {~M  pzp YG rz UrpxYx { z[ Wv Rl vlYxp p{l R{Mcpx Yyp Sp {~y 26Yf r~{ lv r~z xcpx Yyp vv ly[xf ~u[  rllp n~YK Y x.
K Rly X[ {J Rhx WYK Uz r~[x tn Qzr vzYK vrz ~~p vl[ ropl{xp Yw 07, v{z Ypx  r{l. W |} Ryl n|px Y vaMx Yz p~Y vl x. X W  v~ N x.
z[[ lll K yG {v|Y {ryx {p{p Yr{j YpY. RaMx Wp.WK. rMy x pK A t{ Rry{f x nx. z[[ lll K yG {K {ryxf Y ~{x {p{p v {v|YxY[v bpnx z[f npp xz vv Szzp{. AY A Rx[ xlYvY Sf vY xf ~zYpp r{p.
WY~l cpl n~ ~popx l{l RrY}YxY {p e Unx [Kvprz[ {J Rhx tjhypxY ~Kvplj |z r|x  {l v r~[x  ~ x. vv R{~m{f rop Rylx z~ ~u[ {x RyY}Y zYK [gux ycrY} vl x. r{p RyY}Y R{pv n plY ycrY} vl Wv R{~m{f ~u[ v |} ~nxY x. Wzz{z Koppn xp[ ropl{xp r{ vv Ul~{x  [gux ycrY}, |pl ppxY Rl r~Y ~u{ Rvl.
r~[x t (18) r{ Rvl vjhz ~K  Rv vaMx .Wz. r~ vl Yzp {n[lYvp xl xcp{Y YpG vjhzxf Srl Y x. A RlK vz ~v[K ~ pf yG vl Rpnzpxf lh  R [f{Yf ~K {|x.
r~ vl xcp Y, Rp[lx  v{p lll{xY R p{p r~ |}xp Yh rvjx lprlYy{p[ WYly ~v{p xl lprl ~q yY}j YvxY xlvY vf rx{y [pp z~x. vz ~v[v ~xK R~y lll{xYf rl {{l lprlYy{p[ lprl vnz Wv[p RyY} {p t{ vaMx{yx W  N x.
vv xcp{f YpG vjhzx v Rv{y ~x npv WY`l{ r Y Rly, Wx xlvY v ~q R{|  YfKrl ~Y~ vf n yjx Y. yG R  tp vz R~m{yl{x l{p vv {~M  yc R|x {fr {vY ~ Y p t{ n YpG vjhz ~YDbN  cpr{yx Rvl{ypf r pp x.
Rr S~~zzv lpp Bp K vl r{p lll{x vp{ YvpYyjx Yy [vf. A ~ Rrf K {~y r {vY Yypp t N. A Yyj{ p[p Rvl{yp xcp Srl Yypp. cpr{yx N x.
cpl vY ryvj n|rzp vjhzx r~[x 18 {  rY} pxY ~v{| Rvy~ vl[ ropl{xp cr rY} vz~mp [hp[zz  ~ x. Wp ~{~ u[x vl[v cpl vY ryvj |} cp zxY ~opx Yy t tp n|rzp vjhzx U~p Yqvf cr rop zYK zp ~z{ vl x Yy . W  rop {|xpv R{opxf zY {x t~py bpn ~fp cx[jx v rtq{ x. W  cr pf r{lp lll{x Y[l  RYyx rtq{ ~uYx M] Nz{Y ~YDb Y x. v  tK{nx rtq ~YDb{ RyKu Yyp znn cr rop zYK zp ~z{ vl x.
2001 tzxf Rr Wcrx tK{nx r}jx Yyppl, RMYx M{z Yyppl tyrl z~ Ul~ [ll. vzpv A ~q X{p ~fp yvx RyKu Y. Sp r~{ RplM rzpx v[p tzx tvY R Yypp {. x rtnv Q zY y RMYx M{z Yyppl {. K vl R{Da ry[ u{x {p~ Yyz yff p{l cx[jx RlYy npp Rrf x{ tj. Wcrx A ry[ {hr{f Wy{ cpvlx rD Yyz tzxf Rr K Rx p YvpYz{ A rllfv r|f {p lll{xY rpp xp{. cY r|px ~qpp Yzp K Rx yf tnp xcp [pp np{. p cY r|pxf ~K zt npp vl {pp npp Yzp yf tnpp xcp nr n|rzpex ~ yc p{p ~op. zp ~z{ vl rz Y x.
rl ~u{zf rv RxM  ShK  rz~ tzlzl Sp r~{ l{l tzlz zt np t{f RjhN zYY r~nxv rY| Yyp{. nlp rz~ xz |} pvYl K {hr{f x[p. x.Rp.r.x ~vx x x Yypp nr nv Rjh{ xnox rppz Yypp np{. AYx K ~no {pp. l yl vp{yx N x.
RMY }lx Rn {p f ~KrMjxpv Yh {z. A }lx  K ycxl ~ Yypp Wcrx Yyr n{zvx. clply vz Ryvnzp K Rx Y 19Y zt [ll vp Ypn~ xfl n xz  Y p. S Yzx  yc Rxlp YjpYf, cz YvpYyj rpl WpYf, {~xfl t [pYf A Ypn~ vp{n xz cpl{ p[. tx WlYf R~~x rp [p S{yx. zzYpl vp{yx rp{ pp x.
Spxp vN YjhxvY rzvH yzY nz xp{. Rjh{ YpG WY y rzvH Zc {z x Yjpp K[zz r[x  R{~yl [ll. YpG WY A f R{~y nn Spxp v{ Rzz YKvzv r {z. Rr Tx rMzKplN  K rtq{ v~{l ~ YpY Ully pp p. rf yfY UnN Yyn A{ [pp Bp xp{. UnN [pp WY ~ {nnY p. pvl Spx{ Y xll X}o  rn[zxp ycxf zt np WYx. SpxN Yv Yv lp Rrf [zz yz pp r{p n? K{ [p Rjh{ lpp p WYpv rp{ vYnn K xp ~z~v xz. Rpy ~pxY vp{yx r{~x.
cY r|p [lll, RMY r|p [lll Rr Rn Spp yjlvY v~pxY. K ~{p {~pY n{z Rr cpl{f  Y xlx. A ~q |} ~Kvplj rxY xv. cr pxY ~v{| Rvy~ vl xcp Y x. ~xzzv Wv xcp{ Rpvl Y. R{~px  Wv ~Kvplj vzN rv ~Kvplj rx [zz, vly, Rpyory  Yyj[z xp ~YY{z r{lvf X{ yjx Y.
t~py rl ~u bpnx K {p f n WlyK Uj~KY t{Y nYpf pl. Wxf l  Rll bpnx r{l{p px ~q t YzxY S{ v x. Wcr rl ~u RrY}Y }p zYylp vl r~[x pY l{l RrY}YxY {p |yz zYzY vlf Yl Y x. X{p nnp YzY ~fv lyvY ly  ~x.
Yvn YKrp WY? }p |yz[p v~ ~x x.
qf xp{. |yz n N x.
YG tH WY r|p [hY xp{. Spx{ Jt ly[{zf Y|p Rxx Ryp nn Rjh{f ztpp Bp |z vnzY Rrf pz [p xp{. v [{ KYf ~Ktpo hxvpG~ ~yv xp{. Rr r{p nxY Yyv. }p Rl Rn~Y vl Y x.
hxvpG~ xp{ pK Rr {v A rtq{ x tzv. Xxf r{p pK f {~ vf r{p Xx{ Kt{pp Wpp. e |yz zYzY vl N x. Rply{ X{ Tf r~ p v {. Wv v{ ~q e Yz{p Wcr rop ~oxY ppn vyllGfN[v, R~Y v[ny xp vl{y n WY{ ~x. W  X{ M] Nz{Y vv [f{f R zxxz rY~p ~YDb Y.
KYf ph pp pvx xpp. Rr fv [p K rtq{ Rzz~  }j Y~vf rz Yyv. R{~px  e |yz zYzY vl N x. ~xzzv Wxf WY` {. A Rp{ Tf r~ p Rzz~  }j vM|p Y~vf [x |yz zYzY, }p zYylp Rl r~ K ~  xx xp RYYl{ rtq{ {v ~x tzp z~ np{ rzzY Y. Wv rzzf R r~ ryvY ~ vf n X{ W  YY Yy [l.
pxpY yp{zz
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