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p{zz p{y YlY[yx ol rnM|px

p{zz p{y vn ycvp{ {cwp cY YlY[y r|x WY vlY tnozKup rxp p{j ~o pnxp [[K nppf rfp [llx. A tnozKup rx y|xp v p{zz p[yxfv p{ {xY ztj ~ r.
A [lv tp {p~[ |Y ol rx z~pv YlY[yxf WY yY{ ~ ~x [jpY tnoxp[ npl Rx~ rnM|px Yyppf rfp [l vlx.
typ[ {vp ol vp n{l Uly [zppf rfp [l txny [l pj RlK t tvlp[ npl{zp ~lf Y [zppf x. l{YY v [  njh pv~Yyxp Wv |Y ol {pnp Yyppf {. K v lpYv [z [x Rrvj t txx. vx YpYf lx WYv {l{Y rvjY Slv Mzu R{~m{Y t{ Rvl{p { xl pl.
vv R{~m{ t tvlpf U {x SYl 17-18 p{z p{zzx r{l{j nw{ W~Y Yp v rpYvp Rply{x. Wxf ~u[ { tvlpf p{zzx cY YlY[yx  ~ Yyj typ[ |Y ol rnM|px pyK ShYh n z.
p{zzx Q zY v Yv~~ YMxzxl ~l~ zY f{z~ Rxlpxl WY{ vv v` tno ol rnM|px ~opx Yx.
vv tno ol Rx~  K yG rvZ r uY}p {p~z[ ~u[l{xp ~rGgp ~lx n|p Yyppf Yfxl ~opx Yf v |} ~nxY x. ~rGgp ~lx [v ~l n|p{ z~ n ~zY. ry rxYf RY YzxY tno ol Ruv{ Yyj K ~rGgp ~l n|p{f |~lr Rnx rdppn, vy{Y oKvppn, {lyz ~~cl, rp ~vp{|, S~yvx rdzYy xp t x{y ~u[ {.
vv |Y olp p{zzx cY YlY[yxf rv rfr~ n Rll Sl Rry Yl r{l. Rll {|xpv K{x ~t Yy{p {pp t yp[ p xf ~zYp |Y {|Yxpfx. Yxp xll vx |Y {|Yxp[ yocx Yrz{~l ryxx. j tvjx[p lvp {l ztj tp {p~[ olp n X{p [p [x K xp Yrz{~l ryxfx. X{pf Wx Slv {p {~l{Y x. K |Y olp X{p lprl Y n tp {p vc~{zx. A Rp{ tno rM{jxp r~ t p olp {p~z[ Rfp WYY tj X{p Rlx.
S~x t rMx~ ~ Yyp t{ Rll. tp Urp uylxf n K ~plp ~lx r x. o rzYx SpxN ycYvf rx. o RYvj ~ x. ~ly U{y R x. wz{l ryx vpv v nw{l |Y {|Yxp[ tz ryYvx nny [xx. Wlp pp{ |Y {|Y tnoxpf Rp[Y yc{yp[p t y n ~ x.
|Y {|Yxp[ tz ryYvx vpv tp {p~[ olp n S~x {z oz {z{f {~ ~`{ xpp Xx lp vz Yf [px. K ~`{j S~x ~x{~ [jp{Y K z~fv r{l.
K {z [x S~x [hp[ppf rnpv ~Y~ {j Spx{ lp rzpxf xfl  ~ Yzx  x. WpK Rp {~y WY~x Yfl Slx. vxf Uynpp lp cYx. X Qvl RzY~phM YKx. Rll {|xpv X[p ly{ K S~x vlY v Rr~ ~ Qvl YK [p YY ~YDb v {x.
X lp cY xno zoxY x. WrvjY p{ ry nexY n x. X SpxN ryn [N}j{z xj 1870 n|Yxx. X[ rx p[fj lpY SpxN p t{ N{f {y pl. A lyvfv X A S~xf rv Yx.
|vl YK[ K [N}j{zp vl {x {p ~{Y p{x. tno Uyvxx. SpxN Rn t tvlp {p rnp t ~no~mp Qvl YK[ [N}j{zf rp~ {ppf S~x {z lz{p vl { A{x.
tp {p~[ |Y ol Rll vc~{ Qvl YK rop r~f v {x Yrz{~l ry{yx ~ Yyj rynlvY YK{zx. Wv ol ~v[v A{ t vc~ n ~x [ppf X{pf r{pYv zt. K olp {p~z[ p{lp p{zz cY YlY[yx {ppf rnpv {fj Xx fx.
K olp {p~z tp {p~[ |yx Y{y Yf~ n xpp rtq{ vlY rY}j{z nyN  pvl. A Rp{ {pl ~mp{z vp nYj RY ol{, zzf ol{ R {|xp {p {M[YyjxY vxf p t{ N{l {yx. rN K{ p{pp |Y olp xp p.
p{zz cY YlY[yx lprl Yf R vv Yrz{~l olp Q zYxpf Y [ppf {yK z Rll vxf ry WYv WY {l{Y rv. A 1980 n|Yx vn u[x A{ Q zYN rnM|px Y R{~m{x. Wxp r~ ~ Q zYxYf Wv {yv  {j pl. |}xp v p{zz p{y rjppYf{l K {yv  Yy [v r~ p{x.
Q zYN nll olp {p~ vcpl{f Y [ppf ztpp Yzr YzplyxYf {l{. t fv ypv{ Yyk{p Wrff npl olp {p~ Y [ppf n x{Y ztpp pl. pvl p{zz cY YlY[yx lll{x Syv {p~x. U~ nM|x n rpp Yyk{Y vv tno ol lprl Yf J. Wv olp {p~z nr~p lt Rll |Y {|Yxp A{ lprl Y vc~{px. Rll {|xpv W~ Wv olp lprl Yf R n~p Bpv t tvlY[ n{l l RpNnxl{xY, rp ~N[xY np{pp.
~t{fv vv ~mpx Wt ~l n|p{Y ~ v  tno ol rnM|px v z~ r~ YMxxY pN. p{zzx Q zY v Yv~~ YMxzx xc v Yv~~ rzl [j[h vl vpv ~l~ zY f{z~ Rxlpx Rr Urz y~Yy vl n Wxf t ~xp {~ vp~ {.
tp Y {p v Bpv tnoxY[ ryv rlvx. Rll {|xpv {vp tp {p~f ~vp K |Y olp Y tz [v tp vf ~vp t{ N{f {y pl. SYl ~p~y (18) r~{yN vz~ "tp Y" p{zzx cY YlY[yxp rflf r ~v t tvlY[v npl{z ~fp{ tj A ryv ~lfx. y~ rxx.
~fp- y~Y cxY
bxyr : aly W~. YYy
p{zzx ~f