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rv [fvf ryv
R| l{yYx Uj N!

r~[x ~x v[z R| YnKtx v  z{ |zlv R| l{yYx xpY n}xY ~{p Rh lyp v~ nYY YzxY ~q{l {~ ltppf ~  J.
RvYp hzM zxp 4.1Y {x Yyp ~G~Mzplx { p{y R~ppx ~Mp  rf{ R Wv R| ]GfYx t f ztp {~M vz u[x {p lyv Rl{x{p ~q {~ ltppf ~{p Rl. W rv R| oy{ v vp p p{xYf r~ WpK r~[x 19 { rY}{p ~ Yyn ~r ~ppxp pY Yf~Y Uj  xv ~ vv Rr{ ~  Rlx |{~ YM.
LHC {l zMF Hyp YzxhM z~ p{p vv l{yYx Mvjx Yy Rll rfp WpY [vf ry A{ fySzYfp{zG 7Y |YxY nY{ l{yjx Yyp rx. l{yYx l cl Yyp R| YnKux pu[l{  N[{l { r{l{ [vf pxxK  fxGxK{zp Ml ~r ~ppxY YpnK Ytz 9600Y rvj ul YM. vv YpnK lp n {|xp RKrxy 10,000Y rvj oy{Y [vp Yyn r{ A{ Yzp 1.9Y rvj U}jl{xY yq{ [l xlx. YpnK Ytz lp K ~ |z |YxY [vp Yyx xll U}jl{x cl pYy. xK xp rzl U}jl{xf {h W U}jl{x S p[j l Wx vl p|Y n}xY {p Rl.
v ~{ppf Rll n Wxvx. zfM 27Y [ r{ xf r Y{Yy l{yYx Yf~Y lp RKrxM 8000Y rvj oy{Y [vp Yy{n vx ~  Rl. l{yYx l YnKu pu[l v ~q R alMmY YpnK{zf oy{ ~rxp pY ~xv yl  ~r ~ppxp U}jl{xf {h Uj~K vp [p Uj  [~ Rl. p Yf~ nYY WYf WY Yf r~~ ~mpxY  vx ~  Rl. v{ r~~ ~mp n~ n~ [jpY l{yYx {f R Rly W{xp tvxY pf rY}{f zY Y Rl.
vv n}x f[p Rll YpnK ~~z v ~q R { zxK pfp U}jl{xf rl  {x rfzxY z~ Uv[ lf Yp v. Wl rY}j ~ Yyp f Uv[ lp ~p ~KrMjxpv S{l Yf ltp ~ ~{Yfl vv[p xY ~  pvl.
rMx}j[y rY|Yxp r{~pp l{yYx Rl tzp vz R{~m{z  n v{ n}xp zt p{ t{ x. ~vpxp v{ppY p rxp Rl{x Y  x. Wl LHC  R ~r ~ppxp lll{x vl Wx Rl{x v {h Rr~ t{ r{~. vpn xl v{ Rl{x{Y ~ vf nexpf yr} U}jl{x { R~pp R[xYf rlYy R fp n~ [jpY { YpnK l[xY p{l ~vpx U}jl{xf rl Yf Rl{x{p r~ p{ll f ry U}jl{xfv rl Y xl t. vv Uj~K ~ ~~z K x{zxf r{ Rh lyp v~ nYY {l [l {p t{ nex rY| Yy.
vv r~tv l{p nexp n~ [jpY[ tzryll ~p  Rl. rfp rfp [fvY rv rszx Y [vf r~[x ~x X{ RrY}{p ~x. Wl p Un[l  R {l{yjx Rp{ K {~y R{~p {p lyv W{ppY RrY} Y pY. ~vpxp ~l v~ rx  ztzx rv~ [K Ryvp ~Mp rMx}j[yx {~ ltx. Wtp Rl{x Yfxl ~q Wv Yzx rxcpxf [l  {lx RlK nexp[ vlx  J.
Y~ {{n Rl{x Yfxl v{p ly N{ Yz [l vf nexpf S~r~{Y pzJ. rv [fv ~ vf ry ~KrMj Y xl l{l t  R t{ ne vlxx. v rvj rMx}j WpYY ~q Ur[Y n~ [jpY YvYpx vf l{vl uY nexpf S  Rl. l{yY xplx YnKtxY p{ {{ n Ru{Y|xp Wp R|Y Y~Y yj ul Yy Wv [Y YvYpx Y  {{l, A ~q xplpxp cl Yyp YnKu ul v r~ t{ ne vlxx.
Y~ {{n ~Mp R| l{yYx f[l vv n}x ~ v rsz X~~ ~x rMx}j vxvf RrY} Y z ry nexp[ rMx}j Yfxl Rh  Rl. rMx}j nll zt [v ~q l{l v~ rxY S{~ ~vf X{pf ~  J.
lyY [v[

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RK~p {pxp RKtp v { ryv Yw{!

{~y zxp WY~x ~~Y rvj Sry Yw{Y[ ~zxY ~x [vf r~[x  cMvp nex r~Y ~vl {. A vl v { Srylv Yw |}x t{f |{~ YM.
r~[x {~M  Yz~y  ~{uY n YlY[yx [N}Yxp r~Y ~p RvM~p { {pplyxp ~x [p zt K Yw ~zx zfM 3Y, WpK R`z n|v 0.118Y rvj [p xYl {p Rly vx Yw{p[ rjvx n nY{p Rry ~x [vY {p R t{ r[p. cMvp cY nexp r~ zy rtq rMx}j Yyp ~x  vv Yw ~zx ~x [p Rl.
Martialis heureka z~ pK Yy R vv Yw |}x Yh rvjx ntyY[ ~{yrx [pp Rly ~vp Yw{p[p {p~ N.
nexp ~p Yz Mjx ~q {p DNA rY}jxf vv Yw ~zx S rnx Yf~Y x[p z x.
vv ~x [v lv[ {~y ~xY ~{ Yzx |}flv ~x [v t{ YlY[yx uy { nexY {p vpH N rY| Y x.
f ry 2003 {~M  n t~zxp {~ {pplyxY  pp[l v{v ~z |}xY ~x [vf Yz~y YlY[yx ne r~Y ~vl { pvl W{y n[yx l ~ { Rlr~ vY l{p ~x [l Yx[ { ~fp p|xf rl x. Wv ~ W rY}j Yfxl Rhrj x. A Rp{ R{~p{l{f v{ p{ Yw |}xY ~x [vf  {x 1923  t{ ~qp N.
~ lp[

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~[yx U}jl{x S xvp ~ Yjf R{pv Sf

r lzx Uj~v { v ~ ~[y czx n U}jl{x S xvp ~ Yjf{z rajhl{x rx{p rx{y S xp t{ vl  ~ Y rMx}j v[p   Rl. [l{ [x n|Y 3 Y Yzx l ~ Yjf rtq{ Yyp zt Roxpxp[p K t{ Rp{yjx N.
r{ vl  ~[yx vl r~y U}jl{x |l{M} [jp{Y ~f S xp r{. ~[y czx U}jl{x RY z~ S [x f Sp R Yyp tzx  |Yx ~[yx vp vp ~vp { Yjf{Y ~ Yjf{Y nY{ {Mopx vf lyK rtz N.
~Yp~p |{nzx Wz~pM rvZ rMx}Yxp ]Mv Yzrx ~[yxp vl R{p {x YzK{z Sv N[x apY lY}jx v[p vp z x. A Rp{ Rp{yjx {x, ~~ lll{xf rl{px ~vp ~ YKv {p t{x.
~ Yjf  ~[y cz U}jl{x { v Rly n|Y lpY rvj YzxY ry r{lp ~tql{ RlzpY ~[yx ~Ktpoxp Sl rz {{l zYx RpY ~[y rn|xp ~Ktpoxp WlyK {n[l lpY p[l t{ r xx. Yz[j {p~v  ~ Yjf{z rajhl{x Rly R Rpzv ~Ktpox rtq{ Wz~pM ~x u[z Y}j {Ml{z  R{oyjx Yy Rl.
~ Yjf{z rtzl{ vp ztpp ~M - ~Kr~p pK AYYx. M{zv Yjf rv Yjhxf [p. W ~` N[x rxf ~lrK 74l - 95l Rly N. rxf ~lrK 131l 155l Rly N[xp vxp ~~` rtzlv {l iv {p Yjhxf Rxl N. rxf ~lrK 156Y  Tfl {h { N[xp v xp ~~ v {p |x A{ x. r~[x  v [x Ylp ~~` K [jxf Rxl x.
.{. 2004f {~y Yf ry rv Yjhx {l M{zv Yjhx ~ Yjf, iv  v {p Yjhx ~ Yjf t{f rlv r|lxY z~ 17% ~f 35% nY{ S [x x . Rn{p f ~xv [jxpf Rxl ~ Yjf ~j ll{xf rlK r{jl{ 41%Y rvj {p t{ rMx}Yxp {Ml Yy ~. cl Y rY| Yy ~px [zx U}jl{x {v ~v[ Vc ~KtpoxY R ~[y U}jl{x S xv Sl ~qp Y {Mop N[xpf Vc l{Y  R t{x.
[zx U}jl{x S xv ~ ~~ Rly K Rpzv ~Ktpox rY}r pY  t{. Rx {yfl R{oyjx Yyp x.
~ lp[

***

Y}x y[x vvf p{ YvxY

Y}x y[x R Yyp tYx{ vMnpx v ~q p{ y~xY {xY }rnpx vf ~[rryN p{M~ Rxlpx RaMx Yp rl (Kevin Pethe) ~vl  Rl.
vv p{ y~xY { v[p Y}x y[x YyY M.Tuberculosis tYxN r{lv ~q R{| |Yx ~rxp ATP {l Adenosine Triphosphate pv y~xY ~x[x ~z l rnv Rh Yyp ztx. Wv ~ tYx ~z{zf R{| |Yx p  Wv ~z p|  xx. vv Y}x y[YyY tYx{f XY~cp ~l (~{x) r~yxY {lv ~q R{| {pp {pl tYx ~zxYf R{| Yyp ATP |Y rvjxp rp Yf~Y rv. Wl XY~cp yl (M{x) r~yxY {l vf pK, Tf |Yx |z {|xp R{| N. vv p{ y~xY { x[p Yyp ztp p{ l~Y Yvx  tuberculosis tYx{ |az M{x r~yxYf Rl Yy p{ y~xY {x n Tf WYl Yyp ztx. vv M{x r~yx l tYx{f {lvf |z {|xp |Yx R{| {{l ATP rnvf Rh {p tp R{| |Yx pv  tYx ~z vyjxf rl N.
vv p{ l~Y Yvx l{vl z{f Rl pvl Wx {h ~MmY YvxY z~ rY}Yx r[. vv l~Y Yvx v[p R Y}x y[YyY tYx{ rvjY p| {p Rly {pl ~z{zf ~ Yy tzrvY R p{p t{ n l{y  Rl.

~K yf{ rzpx Yyp y~xY {xY

~ Rl ~lp[ ~px rno l r{p o ~px ~Kr}Y { v[p ~px RN[ [vp v rzpx rvjY p{ |yx o ~K yf ~ r{lx x rzpx vf n xY {p t{ vlY  ~ Y rY}j v[p   Rl.
~yfp (Serotonin) pv ~px ~Kr}Y { rtq ~Yy R rY}j v[p ny{Y[ Url ~f p rxY nY{ Wv ny{[ { x rzpx Yyp lx r{l{ [vf UrY {p t{ Rp{yjx  Rl.
{~fMp ~MN ~y~x S{p hp~ X[ |}xp ~p xp x[p vv ~yfp y~xY {x xYl{x l{ yfl Roxpx Yy Rl. v o {M[x xp rcppx ~ Yy X{pf ztp  rf{p[ |y[l ~yfp vGfv Yvxp RhYy X{p[ ~K yf{ ~ n xYl{x pp p Roxpx Yyp z. ~yfp vGfv Sl Rh{p f  Wv  rf{p x xp t{ nYpf z. Wl rcppxp ztp  rf{p[ nx ~yfp vGfv xv rvjxp r{l{ [l f q |y ~Zxp xYl{ {Mopx { t{ S{p ~ X[ |}xp Y}jx Yyp z. vv rY}jxf Rp{ ~yfp pv {x ny{pf Sl {n[l {p Rly v{Y ny{Y r~l vp r~ vv ~yfp xv rvjxf ny{f ztvp Wv ny{ vyjxp {Y{ [l  t{ n ~x [p Rl.

RYY r~ Ytp Rh{z l {x {{z

l[y Rayjx v[p r [zx Uj~K v l{p Ully o{ rn| RYY Yzrx r~ r{p Ytp rvjx n Yvxp Rh{p t{ vlY  ~ Y rY}j v[p Rp{yjx  Rl. vz~ Rh{p Ytp rvjx tz {|xp l[y {x t{fv rl  r [zx l{ l{l Uj~K {p t{ nexp rp{  Rl.
Rz~Y x(M)tpY~ ~y~x RaMx rzvM ~ X[ |}xp, RYY Yzrx o rn|{z fyxY rvj [wyf YK Yy Wv r~ rY}Yy Rl. Wv rY}j{zp WY WY rn|x r{p r~{z Ytp r|l {p~ {p t{ r [~ Rl. X{p[ [jpx vf Rp{, {M[ zfyxf z[K 3.4 ~f 55.1 nY{ Ytp rvj o rn|{zp zt[l r~ ~Krz l Rh[ {p t{ l{y  Rl. Wl f ry rn|{zf ~ Yyp zt rY}j{zp zt [l [jpx K Rp{ Rh[{ tj {M[ zfyxf z[K 20 ~f 29 nY{ Ytp rvjx. K Rp{ RYY Yzrx RlK rn|{z r~ r{p Ytp rvjx |] z~ Rh vf zY  R t{ r [~ Rl. vv Rh  R Ytp rvjx l[y {xp t{f rl  R Rly Wv[p l[y Rayjx l{ l{l { vYf zY{p t{ RaMx rzvM pfvl rp{  Rl.
rl op}Y