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x ~l nK
~ ~lz{zf UlK n~ zt pp tycjp {p~ x

tnv R{oyjx Yyp ztp n~  ~ {M[xf rvjY ~v  r{p WYY p{x. Wx ~v~l ~ll{ rc{ }xxv r xpp. ~v ~ll{xYfv Wxf rx {x. WrvjY p{ [ Y r{ ~vY n~ rx Yyp t{ clY Yl{zp  {x. Yfzzxf r{ ~x Yh{ n~Y r{p t{ (~KtGg ~lx) t xp n|p Yyp ztN ~pm[y |z{Y n~ ~yj zDbpf Wy{ uY}{Y rz Y R{~mN  x.

f U {pp Q zY {xpf n~ z f {~yY ryp n{~x. WYn~ p{~x l~ RG rty{ ly{ p Url zt rn[zx K n~f ~vypp X[ f{ Urp pxx. tnv l n n~ rtq t S[pK nYpf ztx.
tycjp {p~ R{oyjx Yyp ztN rn[zx[ vp~Y n~ rtq{x. Wx zt r~ YxY n~ n ztp t{ R{oyjx . YxY n~ Yrvj tjl ~x vp~f n~Y pv pK n~ R~ ~x rn[zxf ppx.
tnv R{oyjx Yyp ztp n~  ~ {M[xf rvjY ~v  r{p WYY p{x. Wx ~v~l ~ll{ rc{ }xxv r xpp. ~v ~ll{xYfv Wxf rx {x. WrvjY p{ [ Y r{ ~vY n~ rx Yyp t{ clY Yl{zp  {x. Yfzzxf r{ ~x Yh{ n~Y r{p t{ (RKtGg ~lx) t xp n|p Yyp ztN ~pm[y |z{Y n~ ~yj zDbpf Wy{ uY}{Y rz Y R{~mN  x. Sp rz Yyp ztN ~ ~lz ly n~ rx Yyp ztp t{x. lv n~ rx Yl Rpxf Wx ztp f py~p [xY Mcp ~ ~l{z r v N. Wxf l{ YvY x lv ~p v~ [l xll lv[p v x. zDbp rtq{ rzz Srl {x A ~ x xlx. Rpxp n~ uY v lvf [y vY z~ lpp n {. t f W~ {pp lv[ lyvfl {h {xp ~l[p ~p YpYf v |}x.
ra {yj oMvxp[p {p  ~v UlKv n~ {|xp tnv ~zY J. (R[lly Yx: Y rl) ~vpxp Wt ~p {Mlvp ~vcx nppf p lyKx. Rppf ~ v n lv[ n~ z~ lvf {~ {p Rxp RMm [p{pp tx. oMvxf m vl Y{p Rlv zux r~ Yfxl Yyp Wt ~p np rY}rx. lv n~ lx xx ~lp RY~z oMv ~ Yy [pp r~ npY rtq{ nK YN. (|n vM[x) WpK Yp, zrp, plYl rr~Yl ~ zul zu [~pl xp A r~ npx. K zY}j rv WY RxY ` n tppf r{p.
Yp xp{p nY{ Rll zu ~lYy M r|~ tzryll{p lv l p [j Yv {|xp Yyp x{px. Wx oMvx oYy Yf nY{ J. WpK 1. rDax r~op Yp{ xvY np f A{ [vf Yvll Rll R{| plx x A v[p {ry zt [vf Yfxl v np Rxf rp ~ Yy [vf R{| ~ zt [pp t{ Yv, 2. ~vpl crrp Yp{ Yl{p tp lvp UlK [[j r RxY t{ `v 3. Sxrm ~p~~l Yp{ lv RMx vM[xf rrp UlK vM[sz zt RxY z~ R`{p r SxN r{lv.
zrp xp af t~p rn[zxp v v. lv rup[p ~zz ztp yc rlxY t{ px R`v, lv oMvpYz rrl yp UlvY t{ R`{p z~ Yl v Rxx. p [y pKt  Yl v, Yl{p tq [v, Xt[ ryKry{v tz{lp xx v, rn[zxp R nxf rzw{ [v, Rll pll ptz rx {apxp v Yl v, Rpxf t[rl v, Rll pll | Yf Yl v, Rpxp[ ny{p {h[p ~ylz v xp Yyj Rxl {ppx.
plYl xp ~Nr~x zt [K Ryvj R{ Rpx rzwv Rpx[p Szzv, RyxY [p xppY[p Wx p[p YvYn Yvf n R {|xp R~v, {pl Yl{Y p{ Ry [pv Yl v, {~ rf{p [p xp Rx[p v{p  tp Rx x R~ W~ pK Rrfl  YY ztjl pyY x R~v, Y~  lvpf R{| YKK Rx vf ~ {p ~ r~yx v, xvY ztp lyv A [p v Yl v.
rr~Yl xp lvf R{| nx pztj r~ RY} v, tj {v, ~pll R {ap v, ~ v, lMcpx v, Y{fYK v, p[j v, [j ~y S{l v Rxx.
zup zup [~pl xp WY lpp ztj ~ nxY lv zu pllY ~ Rpxf  X[p Tf {h { xvY [v, ~ nxp vl zuxY zv, pyY Dlp{ tjl Wx ~`{ l|z{ zu zv.
K RYyxp RY~z oMv ~ Yy [p n~ {l {ppp Rr ~vcx tz t{ Xt [p l{l ~vy f pppf r{p. vt R{y [ ~l yp t Rx ~vcx Sl cpr~nx opxp Ri{ {~p nppf ztx. vt ~l ypp n ~ pypp n xp nnpv ~vcx {l {p t{ RvlY Y xl p{x. pvl K Rx {p {p {|xp Rp [pp Y~n? Wx ty {pp Xtfvx. M] YzxY ru ~Krpp rn[zxY z~ lv ~p R rn[zx R~y vp v ~t{ ~ m{ {p Yy[l  t{l X{p vpp Rp [l  t{l oMvx Y{x.
{Mlvp ~Mj ~vcx l Sl SYvp xvY rtq r~nxf rl {pp {x. Yz xK X{pfv lv {fj t{ {fx. Al ~vy f Yyj Yyj R{to {p f ryy [p x. lvf ~ {ppf R ~xv Rzu ~  vyx. W~ {vf l{ oMvx rtq{ R{tox vYv pNn? ~vcx W~ {fj r npY[p ~Y}jxY r{l{{ l X{p[ oMv px Yrvj Rzr n xpp Xtf v {f [l  x. WlyK y p[p lv rtq{v l t{l A R{tox ztx.
lv tnvlv  lv ~pv {y{ ~l tz yj [v Y xl t{ nK R{oyjx Yyp ztpp A ~x. plpx rtq{ rMj n~ ~f zt pp t nvx. Wx Rp ~x R[K  nM|pxp ryx Sxp ~x.
rl[v ~~y 

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Rzlyx
n~ Urpp ~oyjl{x  ~vYl{x l

~x{~ [jp{Y Rlf {p S~xY Rrf Rl. A S~x ry Ry[z, cx rycx rtq {p ~np  Ylpny Wvfx. WYly r{lrlY n~ [p ~fp { zrxY vpp vz~ ~fp  Rl. RMxxp ~ xY}xp Rly R { Ry[zx ~zYpp Rr S~x rv n~ ~fp z~x. x}xp z~ p{p ztpp K rl Rpvl YzxY ~~ {l { R{~ cp Yjhxv. RMxxp xp Uly Spx{p vyff ~Yvjx  K nyj lv tz~p n { cp Yjhxv. K nr~ Rly R { n{po ~fpp x}xp rycx  RMxxp cx[jx v Q zY{ |}fay [l K ~ U~~ ~ul{xYf UyvYK K x{zx RyKux z~ ~zYp {[ Wv zxKYy rp{ nx.
~p Rvp}xp { f R{p YyYK, rhpxp  l~l{ x{p Rl S~x ~f Rr[ cp lxf Uyv  R {[ Rr S~x rppK Yyx. vv {xp {l {p ~p[ Rvp}YK, YyYK ~ xY}xp[ al yrjx Y A ~p{ rz{ ppf tycjp {p~ r{ {hv Yy X{p nvpx Yy rz{ x {[ Rr r~z ~px  x{ tno rlrl{z ~fp { {[ lvl vlYx.
Yyj Y~ {{l WY nxY Sl rzx. Wx RpnxY p{ Rr R vlp llp[ lx tv ~p~p{ zxpl{ [z Rl p {[x. Ry[z, YNnp Y { l RlK Rr vlpllp[ l Yl{z t ~fp  Rl.
Rr n~ zt {~y 60Y ~vyp K ~x Rr l{z R n~ YvY n x t{l Xtf `p  pp n~ YvY n? S~x ry { {|xp ~  Rll tz{l tzx{ vMnpx vf Yyp ~fp  tzx Y [vf Yyp Ry[z t{ t rzx.
A S~x Rnl A Rxpv  ~vy f Tf {h U[ RYyxp [ yp t{ rzx. ~vx xn {p, n~ ~q ~y[l {p YpY {l {p r~ lvp[v ~xy ~{ vyp x[xYf Rr r lt R {[ Yp[f{p  { xlx. Rn Rr ~vcx tz{l tzx{ lzp rp R{~m Yrvj Rnn? r ~Krl Rlz~~Y uY p tzx rly{ [p {l {p f rlxf vp n~Y n?
z rr~xp vp~ R{z Yy[l x} [l{z ~p R~Yxp[ rj p~ppf, z ppf vp tzp Rxy YxlyK Yy z~p K {xp {l{ppp Rlnn? K Rlny{Y, K r~z vxY, K {xY, K r YpY, K y[xY K ~ nxY ptz R~Yxp[ z Uy tppf lyK Yy ~p {l {p f vyj xp ly{ n~ {l x n?
Rn Rr ~p x Rr{v y{f [pp {ap vz{Y hp x[xY ~vnpv y  Rl. Rr [x Y vp~xp Yf [l Ywy Yzz  Y [xf Uyv p{ x[xY pn {l {pp, Rr ~z ycYz ~f Rr Rll thry Y tlrl Rr ~pf Rl{| nxY t{f vlY  Rll Tx rM ~f pn? Rr ny{pf Ypp xp z Y u[l tpYM l ~`z n? Rr Y} RMYx x  [p xx. YMY x[xY Rr RMYx Rllpv p{ ~x. Rn Rll tz{l tzx{ y{fp x[xY pn? W~ pK A tzx Yv {{l, pll A {zz v  l  [p, r ln Yy[p {l v y {pl YzrxY p{~x. Sp Wx n~Y n? n~ 60 { Yj{ rYyp K p{z Rr Yy Rll vxp u[xYv xn { RpYf [p `ppp v rv.
1948 rty{ 04 {  [ v{y rx  r{ Rr yG rmv n~ p Uz  R[vl .W~. ~ppxY Qvljp Y YlN vz~ Rh[  Rl.
n~Y {{vp Yypp A yG Spp ~xv {~xp[ Y Rh Yy ~r { vf vM[ ~z~{ [ppx. A vM[ ~z~{ [ppf r{p {pp ~x npv ~ny rvxp Rr Rr[ ~l p [vp, r{p lyK oMxxp Rr WpY[ xj{ {Yy [ppf {yx [p x Yypp pK A n~ Rrf uY ppf  v ~Yx.
yfY [p ~p [p ~xv {~xp[ Y RhYy ~r { Yypp lr  Yfxl Y A pxYx Rn x ryz{ [~ R{~px. Rr n~l x Rnp tpp ~x.
~[ n~ [p |no { txtzx Urn|Yx[ rl vz~ xx.
RyKux  Up{p~ ~ v{ ~Y. X[v yj{zf Sh p ~Y. Xt Yv pK rvjY Sf vf r{p. |{~{pl{ ~vf Xtf tzxY Rllx. Xt Sx Up{p~ [pp n czx n lt ~Y. Rl [ Yy Xt {h Yv nx ly [pp. ~ Rv{ lx n vyjx n Rllx. vxp ~f {h Yv nx np ztppx.
(Urn|Yx[ rl 15;154 - 17)
~f n~ Uyv nx. A Uyvx YyvxY pYy[l YYl A n~ ~t xmMmxY Yy [l YYl ~oyjl{x  ~vY v lpx. ~vY v  ~oyjl{x l qppf ryv ~l R{to Yy [l Y. ~oyj v l l{ YpYf Y Nnp{  rh{Y ~vf ShY pl. Xf  x xl Yf~ Xf zx xlx. K ~v l{ YpY[ n~ qp Rl. Rl Ypf  [y{x  r[v Uyv {p Rl. A ~v ~f n~ uY x Y.
Rn Rr Rllp ~lpx tz{lf WY ~oyjxY  tzxf l{l ~oyjxY z~. Wtp ~oyjx lvp[ {~xf y{ [p Rl. lvp[ xYl{x  n {y n x Yzrp vf ~p~p vp~Y  ~vY n{lY pl. Sp ~oyjxY SfN n? Rr 60 { n~ px ~vyp K ~x Rr ~x xll Yx Y{yl ~lp n~{ {l {ppf ~oyj{ {l x xl R{|l{x [px.
Yz~ ~. zN rxlv