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lyY n{
ly{Y l Yl{

lyY [v[
ly{Y xp {x{p lpj |z [zx. W {x{ WYf Y  Rll W R [x p lyK { ryvj{zp RYyp ~vY [yl{x ~{. ly{Y R |z ~Ypox ~ R{p [yl{ tzxp Rl n~v |z lyrK tzxY R YM. ly{ l {x Rj WpY  [vp R{p rhpx ~ rflf n rhp tzxY R N. vv Rlp RYyp {x rhpx Rll n~f RYyp [yl{x tzx  ~vlzpx N. vv tz lzpx r{l{ [v ~q ly{ Rll U}jl{x Yzp zxp [jpY x xl Rly ryvj ryvj Rly ]Gfp Sl rajh x xl x.
ly ~v Rywpp Ru{Y|x R Y {l {x {z{p l {x{ WY lpYf WY yY v. |z {|xp {x{ WY~ v ~ W [yl{ tzx { N. Wtp l{ l{l {x{ Tf WY ~ N. v~ {x{ |z {|xp Yh ShYf Y{p f  W Rll U}jl{x S xx. l{ l{l { Y K  U}jl{x l{ l{l S xx. U}jl{x S xv ~ W Rll {x rhpx n S xx. R{~px Rll rhpx Yvxp {  [~ l{yfl ly{ zv {Yzx. K R{~mN  Rll rhpx ~ rflf R Yyp tzxl lyN [yl{x ~ Rll n~f R tzxY ~vlzpx N. |z ~YpoxY R f |z [yl{ tzxY R N. K ~ {h ~plY ly {h Uj~K x, rvl x. vv rszx lyY nN  ~Ypo, r xvx z~ pN. (yrx - 2)
ly{Y ~Ypox ~vlzpx vf Urx[ {p U}jl{x xK rvjxY Sp rfl Ru{Y|xf Yp N. Sy Wx {|xp Rr npp W~ y[p Yp{p U}jl{xx ly Wx z~ Rr npp {pl ly{zp Yp{p Uj~vx. K Rxp ly{zp Yp{p |Yx ~xK Rxyp r rMjx pYl lyN ~vlzlx  Wx zvf ucpx {p Rl. ly{Y Wv Syjvp [zvf pK Wxf |Y ~rxvY x xl x. Rr y n Rl{ t lyY v |Yx cppx Yy [pp xHycp zxK t{f npx v. (yrx - 3) {~p{f vp Rr y { ~vp ly ~KrMjxpv r l Rll xHycp  zxK{z. (R~pp {|xp xHycp 75%, zxK 25%) Wtp A{f {~y zxp [jp{Y 
Tf { YzxY npx v ~q R{~ lyK Spop J. UyjxY z~ p npx {p |]l{xp npx {{l Rr yf l{l {~y zxp 5Y rvj YzxYf ~p Spop J.
{~y zxp 5 xp M] YzxY {{ n, Wx ~YzY pN. Wtp R{~px  ly{Y Spop vy{p pxY U N. ly{Y xHycp ~rxv R{~p { f  W rhpx  [yl{x p{l ~vlzpx Yyp ~Y~vf ly{f ~N. K ~q rv{ ~ {px lyN yx zvx. vv[p lyN yx ~Krhpx {p Rly Wx U}jY N. Wx Uj~K v ~ rf Yyp RY |Yx l{p lyN vlrf Yf~ rflf lyrp ly{ r~yjx N. v{ ly{Y Sl |z {p Rly W vlrf ~~z x. ylrxp zx. Rr y n l{l {~y zxp 5p v{ yl xoxY {p Rl. (yrx - 4) yl xoxY vp ly{Y R{~px ~ pN. ly{Y xHycp R{~p { f, W Spop {|xp zxK ul N. UyjxY z~ y[ xHycp R{~p { f l{l {~y zxp rxY nY{ zxK Ytp t{f r{Mlpx Yyp |Yx rn{p Rl. zxK n R{~p vp r~ y ~x ~{yrx p{ll ~Y~ Yy[p Rl. Wf Wx {h ~~z ~ r ly{Y {p Rl. rfl Yf~{z n lprl {p Ytp  ~zYG R| ~l zz, Rll yxp R Yyp yj lyrv ~ Ru{Y|xf vyp Rl. Wv R| A ~v[ R {x{  v~{p, ~Yapx { Uj~K yx {f YtzY z~ Mvjx N. (yrx - 5) l{yfl npx vf yx Spop pv { f Wx ~~z j rN lyK { [zxY {p Rl. W{ppY p{px ~ {vpxY (white dwarf) {|x.
ly{Y r~yjx {p Ytz [zY YhY z~ pN. (yrx -6) Wx lyN yxp rfYyp yjxp RzYvl N. R{~px  Wx Ru{Y|x R {pl {x ~v[ Yv Yvxp v~  xx.
Rr yf {h ~Ypoxp { ly{z yx {h Uj~K {p Rly W~ A l XY~cp ~f xYh nY{ vz{ lpp p}Y npx ~ N. Rr [z{, Rr ~v [pp {x{ rvjY p{ Rr[ |yxp l R vz {xp r{ ly{zp rn A{ x xvp Yl { vz{xp x.
ly{Y xYh yxY lvp W R{~px U N. xYh ryvj{zf l{yfl npx {p |Yx rnx px. Wtp lyN |z ~Ypoxp yx l{yfl Yzvp Wx rrvf zY YM. lyY nexp ~rMY{ rrvY z~ p{pp W{pp. (yrx -7)
v{ ly{Y R{~p RxM  yx S {px zfM 20Y rvj { xfp yx. Wx l{yfl ~Yapx vf lyK ~YpoY {x pK Wx l{yfl zp Y YyxY {p Rl.
ly{Y l v~ R{~p N xx Rr p [pp Y~ n? WY ly{Y Y}jx vp ly{z rjvx {f [l px. A {p{f Rr ~ Yypx WY WY {x~ r{p ly y|xY Y}jxf zY Yyp Roxpx vx. vx xf v, lyj, { R WY WY {x~ ~p YjhxvY Roxpx Yy ~Y[ xrlv ~ {pp Y~ x {f [v {x.  R~ zp lyY{p[ l Yl{ Rr ztp ~x ~f rx{yp rx{y Roxpxf zY Yyv.